Editing Figure skating (section)

==Elements and moves==
{{Main|Glossary of figure skating terms}}

Each element receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE), resulting in a combined technical elements score (TES). At competitions, a technical specialist identifies the elements and assigns each one a level of difficulty, ranging from B (Basic) to Level 4 (most difficult).<ref name=isu2168/> For each element, a panel of judges determines the GOE, ranging between −5 and +5, according to how well the skater executes the element. The GOE is weighted according to the base value of the element.<ref name=isu2168/> Through the ISU guidelines skaters must perform a minimum of seven elements in their short program and twelve elements in their long program.<ref name=isuSFTR/>

The ISU defines a fall as a loss of control with the result that the majority of the skater's body weight is not on the blade but supported by hands, knees, or buttocks.<ref name=deduc/>

===Jumps===
{{Main|Figure skating jumps}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! colspan=2 | ISU abbreviations:<br>[[Figure skating jumps|Jumps]]
|-
! T || [[Toe loop jump|Toe loop]]
|-
! S || [[Salchow jump|Salchow]]
|-
! Lo || [[Loop jump|Loop]]
|-
! F || [[Flip jump|Flip]]
|-
! Lz || [[Lutz jump|Lutz]]
|-
! A || [[Axel jump|Axel]]
|}

Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations. There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed.

Each jump receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE).<ref name=isu2168/> Quality of execution, technique, height, speed, flow and ice coverage are considered by the judges. An ''under-rotated'' jump (indicated by{{spaces}}<{{spaces}}) is "missing rotation of more than {{frac|1|4}}, but less than {{frac|1|2}} revolution" and receives 70% of the base value. A ''downgraded'' jump (indicated by{{spaces}}<<{{spaces}}) is "missing rotation of {{frac|1|2}} revolution or more". A downgraded triple is treated as a double jump, while a downgraded double is treated as a single jump.

An edge violation occurs when a skater executes a jump on the incorrect edge. The hollow is a groove on the bottom of the [[Figure skate#Blades|blade]] which creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater, the outside edge is on the side farthest from the skater, and a ''flat'' refers to skating on both edges at the same time, which is discouraged. An unclear edge or edge violation is indicated with an 'e' and reflected in the GOE according to the severity of the problem. ''Flutz'' and ''lip'' are the colloquial terms for a Lutz and flip jump with an edge violation.

In 1982, the [[International Skating Union|ISU]] enacted a rule stating that a skater may perform each type of triple only once in a program, or twice if one of them is incorporated into a combination or sequence. For a set of jumps to be considered a ''combination'', each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge between jumps. Toe loops and loops are commonly performed as the second or third jump in a combination because they take off from the back outside edge of the landing foot, or skating leg. To perform a salchow or flip on the back end of a combination, a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a back inside edge of the landing leg) may be used as a connecting jump. In contrast, jump ''sequences'' are sets of jumps that may be linked by non-listed jumps or hops.<ref name=tphss/> Sequences are worth 80% of the combined value of the same jumps executed in combination.
[[File:Figure Skating.webmhd.webm|thumb|left|Video demonstrating basic figure skating jumps]]

A figure skater only needs to be able to jump in one direction, either clockwise or counter-clockwise. The vast majority of figure skaters prefer to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction when jumping. Thus, for clarity, all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise.

There are six jumps in figure skating that count as jump elements. All six are landed on one foot on the back outside edge (with counter-clockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they may be distinguished. Jumps are divided into two different categories: [[#Toe jumps|''toe jumps'']] and [[#Edge jumps|''edge jumps'']].

The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a "[[Quad (figure skating)|quad]]"). The simplest jump is a waltz jump, which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Triple jumps, other than the triple Axel, are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump, and very few female single skaters have been credited with quads in competition. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. The final of the six jumps to be landed cleanly as a quad in international competition is the elusive [[Axel jump|quadruple Axel]]. A few male skaters made valiant efforts to land the immensely difficult four-and-a-half revolution jump (most notably two-time Olympic Champion from Japan, [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]), but failed to land one cleanly and fully-rotated. The first clean and fully-rotated quad Axel was successfully landed by American men's skater [[Ilia Malinin]] at the [[2022 CS U.S. International Figure Skating Classic|2022 CS U.S. Classic]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Les |date=2022-09-15 |title=U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062724/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 34 years after the first-ever quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) was landed by Canada's [[Kurt Browning]] at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1988-03-26 |title=A Quadruple Jump on Ice |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130084837/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some elite skaters can complete a jump in about one second, with 26 inches of height and 10 feet in distance.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} The takeoff speed of a jump can reach up to 25 kilometers per hour.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |date=2014-10-31 |title=Figure skating analytics reveals speed, height |url=https://www.therecord.com/sports/figure-skating-analytics-reveals-speed-height/article_16b48c21-b9d5-59e2-b9e3-716dd4541786.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Record |language=en}}</ref> Prior to most jumps, a figure skater needs to skate backward to build power and speed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2020|title=why do figure skaters skate backwards?|url=https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=Skate Perfect|language=en-US|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153910/https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Toe jumps====
Toe jumps are launched by digging the toe pick of one skate into the ice, using it to vault into the air with the opposite leg. The main toe jumps are (in order of score value):<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumps|publisher=Holland Ice Academy|url=http://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|access-date=November 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128001301/https://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
#[[Toe loop jump|Toe loop]] – the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick.
#[[Flip jump|Flip]] (sometimes known as a toe salchow){{snd}}the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot and assists the take-off using the opposite toe pick.
#[[Lutz jump|Lutz]] – similar to the flip, but the skater takes off from the backward ''outside'' edge of the left (or right) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick.

All of the above descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

====Edge jumps====
[[File:Axel Paulsen jump without text.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|An Axel jump]]

Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include (in order of score value):
#[[Salchow jump|Salchow]] – the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot, allowing the edge to come round, the opposite leg helps to launch the jump into the air.
#[[Loop jump|Loop]] (also known as a Rittberger jump){{snd}}the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot.
#[[Axel jump|Axel]] – the skater takes off forwards from the outside edge of the left (or right) foot. As this is the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge, it includes an extra half rotation.

Again, these descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and always lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

====Other jumps====
Several other jumps are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences. These include the half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip, [[walley jump]], [[waltz jump]], inside Axel, one-foot Axel, stag jump, and [[split jump]]. There are two kinds of split jump:
*Russian split, performed in a position that is similar to that of a straddle split
*front split, performed in the position of the more traditional split, facing the direction of the front leg
<gallery>
File:2011 WFSC 4d 066 Ross Miner.JPG|[[Ross Miner]] sets up for a jump.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 009 Denis Ten.JPG|[[Denis Ten]] sets up for a jump.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 183 Kevin van der Perren.JPG|[[Kevin van der Perren]] rotates in the air.
File:Jamal Othman Jump 2 - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|[[Jamal Othman]] lands on the right back outside edge.
</gallery><gallery>
File:Marissa Castelli & Simon Shnapir 2LoTh 2009 Junior Worlds.jpg|Pairs skaters [[Marissa Castelli]] and [[Simon Shnapir]] set up for a throw jump.
File:Jessica Miller & Ian Moram Throw Jump - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|A pair team after the woman has been thrown: Jessica Miller rotates in the air.
File:Anabelle Langlois & Cody Hay Throw Jump - 2006 Skate America.jpg|[[Anabelle Langlois]] lands after performing a throw jump with [[Cody Hay]].
</gallery>

===Spins===
{{Main|Figure skating spins}}

'''Spins''' are an element in which the skater rotates, centered on a single point on the ice, while holding one or more body positions.{{sfn|Petkevich|1988|p=127}} They are performed by all disciplines of the sport.<ref>S&P/ID 2022, pp. 103–105, 129</ref> As ''[[The New York Times]]'' says, "While jumps look like sport, spins look more like art. While jumps provide the suspense, spins provide the scenery, but there is so much more to the scenery than most viewers have time or means to grasp".<ref name="clarey">{{cite news |last1=Clarey |first1=Christopher |date=19 February 2014 |title=Appreciating Skating's Spins, the Art Behind the Sport |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/sports/olympics/appreciating-figure-skatings-spins-the-art-behind-the-sport.html |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227223225/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/sports/olympics/appreciating-figure-skatings-spins-the-art-behind-the-sport.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to world champion and figure skating commentator [[Scott Hamilton (figure skater)|Scott Hamilton]], spins are often used "as breathing points or transitions to bigger things"<ref name="clarey" />

Figure skating spins, along with jumps, spirals, and spread eagles were originally individual [[compulsory figures]], sometimes special figures. Unlike jumps, spins were a "graceful and appreciated"{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=103}} part of figure skating throughout the 19th century. They advanced between [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]; by the late 1930s, all three basic spin positions were used.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=103}}

There are two types of spins, the '''forward spin''' and the '''backward spin'''.{{Sfn|Petkevich|1988|p=129}} There are three basic spin positions: the '''[[upright spin]]''', the '''[[sit spin]]''', and the '''[[camel spin]]'''. Skaters also perform '''flying spins''' and '''combination spins'''.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}}<gallery>
File:2020-01-11 Women's Single Figure Skating Short Program (2020 Winter Youth Olympics) by Sandro Halank–018.jpg|Camel spin
File:2011 Figure Skating WC Tomáš Verner (4).jpg|Sit spin
File:Elena Sokolova 04 NHK 2.jpg|Upright spin
File:Dominika Piatkowska & Dmitri Khromin Spin - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Pair camel spin
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U1215-0046, Sabine Baeß, Tassilo Thierbach.jpg|Pair spin with woman in layback and man in sit spin
File:2012 WFSC 07d 843 Polina Korobeynikova.JPG|Layback spin with catch-foot
File:2011 Cup of China Yuzuru Hanyu.jpg|Biellmann spin
File:Joubert 09Eurosp by Carmichael.jpg|Death drop
</gallery>

===Lifts===
{{Main|Figure skating lifts}}
[[File:Maria Mukhortova and Maxim Trankov at 2010 European Championships (3).jpg|thumb|upright|Pair skaters performing a one-arm overhead lift]]

'''Figure skating lifts''' are required elements in pair skating and ice dance.<ref>S&P/ID 2022, pp. 115–116, 118–119, 142, 145</ref> There are five groups of '''lifts in pair skating''', categorized in order of increasing level of difficulty.<ref name="ISU2022-109"/> Judges look for the following when evaluating pair lifts: speed of entry and exit; control of the woman's free leg when she is exiting out of the lift, with the goal of keeping the leg high and sweeping; the position of the woman in the air; the man's footwork; quick and easy changes of position; and the maintenance of flow throughout the lift.<ref name="skatecanada">{{cite web |title=Skating Glossary |url=https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043409/https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Skate Canada}}</ref> '''Twist lifts''' are "the most thrilling and exciting component in pair skating".<ref name="skatecanada" /> They can also be the most difficult movement to perform correctly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022 |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/21817-tp-handbook-pairs-2019-2020-final-corrected/file |access-date=August 6, 2022 |publisher=International Skating Union |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807002723/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/21817-tp-handbook-pairs-2019-2020-final-corrected/file |url-status=live }}</ref> They require more strength and coordination than many other pair elements, and are usually the first or second element in a program. According to the [[International Skating Union]] (ISU), "the Woman must be caught in the air at the waist by the Man prior to landing and be assisted to a smooth landing on the ice on a backward outside edge on one foot"<ref>Tech panel, p. 26</ref> during a twist lift.

The ISU defines '''dance lifts''' as "a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained there and set down on the ice".<ref name="ISU2021-126">S&P/ID 2022, p. 130</ref> Dance lifts are delineated from pair lifts to ensure that ice dance and pair skating remain separate disciplines.<ref name="hostilerules2">{{cite news |last1=Reiter |first1=Susan |date=1 March 1995 |title=Ice Dancing: A Dance Form Frozen in Place by Hostile Rules |work=Dance Magazine |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ice+dancing%3A+a+dance+form+frozen+in+place+by+hostile+rules.-a016771634 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802024753/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ice%20dancing%3A%20a%20dance%20form%20frozen%20in%20place%20by%20hostile%20rules.-a016771634 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the judging system changed from the [[6.0 system]] to the [[ISU Judging System]] (IJS), dance lifts became more "athletic, dramatic and exciting".<ref name="dangerous">{{cite web |last1=Brannen |first1=Sarah S. |date=13 July 2012 |title=Dangerous Drama: Dance Lifts Becoming 'Scary' |url=http://www.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120713&content_id=34870028&vkey=ice_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106105909/http://www.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120713&content_id=34870028&vkey=ice_news |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |publisher=Ice Network}}</ref> There are two types of dance lifts: '''short lifts''', which should be done in under seven seconds; and '''combination lifts''', which should be done in under 12 seconds.<ref name="ISU2021-126"/> A well-balanced [[Free dance (ice dance)|free dance program]] in ice dance must include dance lifts.<ref>S&P/ID 2022, p. 145</ref>

===Turns, steps, moves===
Along with other forms of [[Ice skating|skating]], figure skating is one of the only [[Human-powered transport|human powered]] activities where travelling backwards is integral to the discipline. The ability to skate well backwards and forwards are considered to be equally important, as is the ability to transition well between the two.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iceskating.org.uk/learn-to-skate|title=Learn how to Ice Skate – Skate UK – Basic Skills Programme|website=iceskating.org.uk|access-date=April 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122152607/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/learn-to-skate|archive-date=January 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learntoskateusa.com/|title=Home – Learn to Skate USA|last=USA|first=Learn To Skate|website=learntoskateusa.com|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707225326/https://learntoskateusa.com/|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Step sequences are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines. The pattern can be straight line, circular, or serpentine. The step sequence consists of a combination of turns, steps, hops and edge changes. Additionally, steps and turns can be used as transitions between elements. The various turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include:
<gallery>
File:Threeturn.GIF|[[3 turn|Three-turn]]: the blade turns into the curve of the edge or lobe.
File:Bracket.GIF|[[Bracket turn]]: the blade is turned counter to the curve of the lobe.
File:Mohawk-trace.png|[[Mohawk turn|Mohawk]]: the two-foot equivalent
</gallery><gallery>
File:Rocker turn.gif|[[Rocker turn|Rocker]]: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction
File:Counter.GIF|[[Counter turn|Counter]]: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction
File:2011 WFSC 2d 259 Siobhan Heekin-Canedy Alexander Shakalov.JPG|[[Twizzle]]s: traveling multi-rotation turns on one foot
</gallery>

[[Choctaw turn|Choctaw]]s are the two-foot equivalents of rockers and counters. Other movements that may be incorporated into step sequences or used as connecting elements include lunges and [[spread eagle (figure skating)|spread eagles]]. An [[Ina Bauer (element)|Ina Bauer]] is similar to a spread eagle performed with one knee bent and typically an arched back. [[Hydroblading]] refers to a deep edge performed with the body as low as possible to the ice in a near-horizontal position.

[[Moves in the field]] is a pre-determined required sequence that demonstrated basic skating skills and edge control. In the context of a competitive program, they include sequences that may include [[spiral (figure skating)|spirals]], [[spread eagle (figure skating)|spread eagles]], [[Ina Bauer (element)|Ina Bauers]], [[hydroblading]], and similar extended edge moves, along with loops, twizzles, and different kinds of turns.

A spiral is an element in which the skater moves across the ice on a specific edge with the free leg held at hip level or above. Spirals are distinguished by the edge of the blade used (inside or outside), the direction of motion (forward or backward), and the skater's position. A spiral sequence is one or more spiral positions and edges done in sequence. Judges look at the depth, stability, and control of the skating edge, speed and ice coverage, extension, and other factors. Some skaters can change edges during a spiral, i.e. from inside to outside edge. Spirals performed on a "flat" are generally not considered as true spirals. Spiral sequences were required in women's and pair skating prior to the 2012–13 season,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jsfresults.com/data/fs/pdfs/comm/comm1672e.pdf|title=Communication No. 1672 – Single & Pair Skating – Amendments to the Scale of Values, Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution and Levels of Difficulty, season 2011–2012|date=May 5, 2011|publisher=[[International Skating Union|ISU]]|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501131522/http://www.jsfresults.com/data/fs/pdfs/comm/comm1672e.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> but from the [[2012–13 figure skating season|2012–13 season]] onward, they were replaced by the choreographic sequence. The choreographic sequence consists of moves in the field, unlisted jumps, spinning movements, etc. and is required for the men's, women's and pair free program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/TN%20103%20Singles%20Choreographic%20Sequence%206%2021%2012.pdf|title=Technical Notification 103|date=June 21, 2012|website=usfigureskating.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030175053/http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/TN%20103%20Singles%20Choreographic%20Sequence%206%2021%2012.pdf|archive-date=October 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17594-tp-handbook-singles-2018-19/file|title=ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Single Skating − 2018/2019|page=5|date=July 19, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725203739/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17594-tp-handbook-singles-2018-19/file|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17595-tp-handbook-pair-skating-2018-19/file|title=ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Pair Skating − 2018/2019|page=5|date=July 19, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725203752/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17595-tp-handbook-pair-skating-2018-19/file|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A [[Death spiral (figure skating)|death spiral]] is a required element of pair skating. There are four varieties distinguished by the lady's edge and direction of motion. The man performs a [[Glossary of figure skating terms#P|pivot]], one toe anchored in the ice, while holding the hand of his partner, who circles him on a deep edge with her body almost parallel to the ice. As of 2011, the woman's head must at some time reach her skating knee. The man must also be in a full pivot position and the death spiral must be held for a minimum amount of rotation, depending on the level.
<gallery>
File:Jenni Vahamaa 2008 Junior Worlds.jpg|A basic outside edge spiral position with the free leg held unsupported behind the body
File:Maria Mukhortova & Maxim Trankov - 2006 Skate America.jpg|A pair outside edge spiral in a catch-foot position
File:McLaughlin Brubaker Death Spiral.jpg|Back inside death spiral
File:Kristina Gorshkova & Vitali Butikov 2005 Croatia Cup.jpg|Parallel mirror spread eagles with the man on an inside edge and the woman on an outside edge
File:Tugba Karademir Ina Bauer - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Ina Bauer
2010 Canadian Championships Dance - Kharis Ralph - Asher Hill - 2024a.jpg|Canadian Championships Dance
File:2011 WFSC 4d 002 Kim Lucine.JPG|Hydroblading
File:2012 Rostelecom Cup 02d 800 Tessa VIRTUE Scott MOIR.JPG|Male ice dancer in Besti squat while lifting his partner
File:2019 Skate Canada International - Yuzuru Hanyu SP.jpg|Spread eagle
</gallery>