Editing Fetishism (section)

== ''Philippines'' ==
In the [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|pre-colonial]] Philippine context, '''[[Anito]] fetishes''' were central to the animistic beliefs of the early Filipinos. These objects, often human-made, served as physical representations of spiritual entities or ancestral spirits. Their role in rituals, worship, and daily life illustrates the rich spiritual tradition of the early Austronesian peoples who inhabited the Philippine archipelago. Anito fetishes refer to objects imbued with spiritual significance, often crafted to house or represent spirits collectively known as '''Anito'''. These were usually '''Ancestor Spirits''' also called Anito The souls of deceased relatives who provided guidance, protection, or blessings to their descendants. Anito fetishes were typically carved from wood, stone, or bone, and they served as both a focus of worship and a conduit for spiritual energy. Anito fetishes were placed in shrines or sacred areas where offerings such as food, drinks, or animal sacrifices were made. These offerings were meant to appease or gain favours from the ancestor spirits and spirits of the dead and deities and celestial beings called '''[[Diwata (disambiguation)|Diwata]].''' The term Anito is deeply rooted in Austronesian linguistic heritage, with similar terms found across related culture Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: qanitu (spirit of the dead) Proto-Austronesian: qaNiCu (ancestor spirit) Indonesian and Malaysian: Hantu or Antu (spirit or ghost) Polynesian: Atua or Aitu (ancestral ghost  or spirit)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apostol |first=Virgil Mayor |title=Way of the Ancient Healer: Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions |date=2012 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-58394-597-1 |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baldick |first=Julian |title=Ancient religions of the Austronesian world: from Australasia to Taiwan |date=2013 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-357-3 |series=International library of ethnicity, identity and culture |location=London New York}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Funk |first=Leberecht |title=Entanglements between Tao People and Anito on Lanyu Island, Taiwan |date=2014 |work=Monster Anthropology in Australasia and Beyond |pages=143–159 |editor-last=Musharbash |editor-first=Yasmine |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137448651_9 |access-date=2025-01-22 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137448651_9 |isbn=9781137448651 |editor2-last=Presterudstuen |editor2-first=Geir Henning}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Royle |first=Stephen |date=2018-11-30 |title=Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf |url=https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=doi.org|doi=10.59350/fkbwr-efa03 }}</ref> Anito—widely understood today by [[Filipinos]] in the [[Philippines]] in contemporary as referring to ancestor spirits or spirits of the dead, evil spirits and the wooden idols and fetish that represent them.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=John M. |last1=Morse|date=July 2001 |title=Lessons in On-Line Reference Publishing''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary''. Merriam-Webster''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus''. Merriam-Webster''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia''. Merriam-Webster |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/603287 |journal=The Library Quarterly |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=392–399 |doi=10.1086/603287 |issn=0024-2519}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kudasov |first=Nikolai |title=Free Monads, Intrinsic Scoping, and Higher-Order Preunification |date=2025 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=14843 |pages=22–54 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74558-4_2 |access-date=2025-01-22 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-74558-4_2 |isbn=978-3-031-74557-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Safiullina |first=Gulshat Rafailevna |date=2021-04-30 |title=Principles of Compiling the Tatar-English Online Dictionary of the Glosbe Project at Macroand Microstructure Levels |url=https://doi.org/10.30853/phil210135 |journal=Philology. Theory & Practice |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=1120–1124 |doi=10.30853/phil210135 |issn=1997-2911|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joseph |first1=Anito |last2=Bryson |first2=Noel |date=1997 |title=W-efficient partitions and the solution of the sequential clustering problem |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018934824176 |journal=Annals of Operations Research |volume=74 |pages=305–319 |doi=10.1023/a:1018934824176 |issn=0254-5330}}</ref>'''''Anito''''' In [[Philippine mythology]], refers to [[Veneration of the dead|ancestor spirits]], [[Soul|spirits of the dead]], [[Demon|evil spirits]] and the wooden idols that represent or house them. In contrast, within the context of [[folk religion]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Royle |first=Stephen |date=2018-11-30 |title=Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf |url=https://doi.org/10.59350/fkbwr-efa03 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=doi.org|doi=10.59350/fkbwr-efa03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anito |first1=Bekelech Freneh |last2=Ali |first2=Wondwosen Tesfamichael |last3=Ayele |first3=Zeleke Arifich |date=2025-01-01 |title=Effects of Task-Based Language Teaching on Improving Grade 11 Students' Essay Writing Skills |url=https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1601.03 |journal=Journal of Language Teaching and Research |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.17507/jltr.1601.03 |issn=2053-0684|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Funk |first=Leberecht |title=Entanglements between Tao People and Anito on Lanyu Island, Taiwan |date=2014 |work=Monster Anthropology in Australasia and Beyond |pages=143–159 |editor-last=Musharbash |editor-first=Yasmine |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137448651_9 |access-date=2025-01-23 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137448651_9 |isbn=978-1-349-50129-8 |editor2-last=Presterudstuen |editor2-first=Geir Henning}}</ref>