Editing Fermilab (section)

===Proton improvement plan===
Recognizing higher demands of proton beams to support new experiments, Fermilab began to improve their accelerators in 2011. Expected to continue for many years,<ref name=pip/> the project has two phases: Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) and Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II).<ref name=mwproton>{{cite report |last1=Holmes |first1=Steve |title=MegaWatt Proton Beams for Particle Physics at Fermilab |date=December 16, 2013 |publisher=Fermilab |url=https://pip2.fnal.gov/files/P5_SDH_v5.pdf |access-date=August 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905210745/http://pip2.fnal.gov/files/P5_SDH_v5.pdf |archive-date=September 5, 2015 }}</ref>

;PIP (2011–2018)
The overall goals of PIP are to increase the repetition rate of the Booster beam from 7&nbsp;Hz to 15&nbsp;Hz and replace old hardware to increase reliability of the operation.<ref name=mwproton/> Before the start of the PIP project, a replacement of the pre-accelerator injector was underway. The replacement of almost 40&nbsp;year-old [[Cockcroft–Walton generator]]s to RFQ started in 2009 and completed in 2012. At the Linac stage, the analog beam position monitor (BPM) modules were replaced with digital boards in 2013. A replacement of Linac vacuum pumps and related hardware is expected to be completed in 2015. A study on the replacement of 201&nbsp;MHz drift tubes is still ongoing. At the boosting stage, a major component of the PIP is to upgrade the Booster ring to 15&nbsp;Hz operation. The Booster has 19&nbsp;radio frequency stations. Originally, the Booster stations were operating without [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state]] drive system which was acceptable for 7&nbsp;Hz but not 15&nbsp;Hz operation. A demonstration project in 2004 converted one of the stations to solid state drive before the PIP project. As part of the project, the remaining stations were converted to solid state in 2013. Another major part of the PIP project is to refurbish and replace 40&nbsp;year-old Booster cavities. Many cavities have been refurbished and tested to operate at 15&nbsp;Hz. The completion of cavity refurbishment is expected in 2015, after which the repetition rate can be gradually increased to 15&nbsp;Hz operation. A longer term upgrade is to replace the Booster cavities with a new design. The research and development of the new cavities is underway, with replacement expected in 2018.<ref name=pip>{{cite conference |title=Proceedings of IPAC2014 |year=2014 |place=Dresden, Germany |isbn=978-3-95450-132-8 |pages=3409–3411 |conference=5th International Particle Accelerator Conference |conference-url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC2014 |chapter-url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC2014/papers/thpme075.pdf |access-date=August 15, 2015 |chapter=FNAL – The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626175507/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC2014/papers/thpme075.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2015 }}</ref>

;PIP-II
[[File:Two AES 5-cells cavities.jpg|thumb|Prototypes of [[superconducting radio frequency|SRF]] cavities to be used in the last segment of PIP-II Linac<ref>{{cite conference |conference=27th Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC2014) |conference-url=http://linac14.org/ |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=September 2014 |isbn=978-3-95450-142-7 |pages=171–173 |title=Development of 5&nbsp;Cell Beta=0.9&thinsp;650&nbsp;MHz Cavities for Project&nbsp;X |url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/mopp052.pdf |access-date=August 16, 2015 |first1=M.H. |last1=Awida |first2=M. |last2=Foley |first3=I. |last3=Gonin |first4=A. |last4=Grassellino |first5=C. |last5=Grimm |first6=T. |last6=Khabiboulline |first7=A. |last7=Lunin |first8=A. |last8=Rowe |first9=V. |last9=Yakovlev |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702020105/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/mopp052.pdf |archive-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref>]]

The goals of PIP-II include a plan to delivery 1.2&nbsp;MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector to the [[Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment]] target at 120&nbsp;GeV and the power near 1&nbsp;MW at 60&nbsp;GeV with a possibility to extend the power to 2&nbsp;MW in the future. The plan should also support the current 8&nbsp;GeV experiments including Mu2e, Muon g−2, and other short-baseline neutrino experiments. These require an upgrade to the Linac to inject to the Booster with 800&nbsp;MeV. The first option considered was to add 400&nbsp;MeV "afterburner" superconducting Linac at the tail end of the existing 400&nbsp;MeV. This would have required moving the existing Linac up {{Convert|50|m}}. However, there were many technical issues with this approach. Instead, Fermilab is building a new 800&nbsp;MeV superconducting Linac to inject to the Booster ring.

Construction of the first building for the PIP-II accelerator began in 2020.<ref name="auto"/> The new Linac site will be located on top of a small portion of [[Tevatron]] near the Booster ring in order to take advantage of existing electrical and water, and cryogenic infrastructure. The PIP-II Linac will have low energy beam transport line (LEBT), radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) operated at the room temperature at with a 162.5&nbsp;MHz and energy increasing from 0.03&nbsp;MeV. The first segment of Linac will be operated at 162.5&nbsp;MHz and energy increased up to 11&nbsp;MeV. The second segment of Linac will be operated at 325&nbsp;MHz and energy increased up to 177&nbsp;MeV. The last segment of linac will be operated at 650&nbsp;MHz and will have the final energy level of 800&nbsp;MeV.<ref>{{cite report |title=Proton Improvement Plan&nbsp;II |date=December 12, 2013 |publisher=Fermilab |url=http://projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/RetrieveFile?docid=1232&filename=1.2%20MW%20Report_Rev5.pdf&version=3 |access-date=August 15, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422155048/http://projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/RetrieveFile?docid=1232&filename=1.2%20MW%20Report_Rev5.pdf&version=3 |archive-date=April 22, 2016}}</ref>

As of 2022, the estimated PIP-II accelerator start date for the accelerator is 2028.<ref name=enddate>{{cite news| title=PIP-II: An international effort breaking new ground in particle physics| url=https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/pip-ii-enhancements-fermilab-accelerator-complex/18907/|date=March 4, 2022|work=Innovation News Network}}</ref> The project was approved for construction in April 2022 with an expected cost to the Department of Energy of $978M and with an additional $330M in contributions from international partners.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Will |title=Fermilab Accelerator Upgrade Moves Into Construction Phase |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/fyi-this-week/week-april-25-2022 |publisher=FYI: American Institute of Physics |date=April 25, 2022}}</ref>