Editing Ferdinand VII (section)

===Revolt===
{{see also|Trienio Liberal}}
[[File:Fernando VII a caballo.jpg|thumb|Equestrian portrait of Ferdinand by [[José de Madrazo y Agudo]], 1821]]

[[File:Entrada triomfal de Ferran VII a València, 1815, Miquel Parra.jpg|thumb|300px|left|''Triumphal welcome of Ferdinand at [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], 1815'']]

There were several ''[[pronunciamiento]]s'', or military uprisings, during the king's second reign. The first came in in September 1814, three months after the end of the [[Peninsular War]], and was led by General [[Francisco Espoz y Mina|Espoz y Mina]] in Pamplona. [[Juan Díaz Porlier]] revolted at La Coruña in the following year. General [[Luis de Lacy|Luis Lacy]] led an uprising in Barcelona in 1817, and General [[Juan Van Halen]] did the same in Valencia in 1818.<ref name=ricketts>Ricketts, Monica (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=x24sDwAAQBAJ&dq=fontana+de+oro+spain&pg=PA175 ''Who Should Rule?: Men of Arms, the Republic of Letters, and the Fall of the Spanish Empire'', p. 175. Oxford University Press.] ''Google Books''. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</ref> In 1820 [[Rafael del Riego]] undertook the most successful ''pronunciamiento'', leading to the [[Trienio Liberal]].

In 1820 a revolt broke out in favor of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]], beginning with a mutiny of the troops under Riego. The king was quickly taken prisoner. Ferdinand had restored the [[Jesuits]] upon his return, but now they had become identified with repression and absolutism among the liberals, who attacked them: twenty-five Jesuits were slain in Madrid in 1822. For the rest of the 19th century, liberal political regimes expelled the Jesuits, and authoritarian regimes reinstated them.

Ferdinand VII was an ardent opponent of [[Freemasonry in Spain]], seeing it as a vehicle for liberal revolutions, an enemy of the Spanish Crown and the Catholic faith, subordinated to foreign interests (the [[Grand Orient of France]] primarily).<ref name="mas">{{cite web |title=Death to the Intellectuals: The History and Persecution of Spanish Freemasonry|url=http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/history-spanish-freemasonry.html|publisher=Review of Freeemasonrt}} Retrieved on 9 November 2023.</ref> After reinstating the Spanish Inquisition and the Jesuits, on 4 May 1814 he publicly declared all Spanish freemasons to be traitors.<ref name="mas"/> The same year [[Pope Pius VII]] issued a decree against Freemasonry, approved by Ferdinand VII and became an edict of the Spanish Inquisition. Freemasons in high places in Spanish society were arrested and the Masonic Lodges suppressed. Ferdinand blamed Freemasonry for the 1820 coup, the ''[[Trienio Liberal]],'' as well as for the loss of [[Spanish colonies]] in [[Latin America]], with his return to the throne for the so-called "[[Ominous Decade]]", the [[Anti-Masonry|Anti-Masonic]] campaign stepped up and members who would not renounce Freemasonry were hanged.<ref name="mas"/> He had his police compile reports on Freemasons and former Freemasons active in Spanish society.<ref name="pres">{{cite web |title=Presidentes de gobierno masones (1808-1868)|url=https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio/en/dam/jcr:e5d26e35-c214-45f1-8bc0-d1ed87f5ac9a/presidentes%20del%20gobierno%20masones%201808-1868.pdf|publisher=Museo Virtual de Historia de la Masonería}} Retrieved on 9 November 2023.</ref>

[[File:José Aparicio - Landing of Ferdinand VII in El Puerto de Santa María - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[The Landing of Ferdinand VII in El Puerto de Santa María]]'' by [[José Aparicio]]]]
In the spring of 1823, the restored Bourbon French King [[Louis XVIII]] of France [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|invaded Spain]], "invoking the God of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]], for the sake of preserving the throne of Spain to a fellow descendant of [[Henry IV of France]], and of reconciling that fine kingdom with Europe." In May 1823 the revolutionary party moved Ferdinand to [[Cádiz]], where he continued to make promises of constitutional amendment until he was free.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=268}}

When Ferdinand was freed after the [[Battle of Trocadero]] and the fall of Cádiz, reprisals followed. The [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Duc d'Angoulême]] made known his protest against Ferdinand's actions by refusing the Spanish decorations Ferdinand offered him for his military services.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=268}}

During his last years, Ferdinand's political appointments became more stable.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=268}} The last ten years of his reign (sometimes referred to as the [[Ominous Decade]]) saw the restoration of absolutism, the re-establishment of traditional university programs and the suppression of any opposition, both by the Liberal Party and by the reactionary revolt (known as "[[War of the Aggrieved|War of the ''Agraviados'']]") which broke out in 1827 in [[Catalonia]] and other regions.