Editing Faster-than-light communication (section)

==Fictional devices==
===Tachyon-like===
The ''Dirac communicator'' features in several of the works of [[James Blish]], notably his 1954 short story "Beep" (later expanded into ''[[The Quincunx of Time]]''). As alluded to in the title, any active device received the sum of all transmitted messages in universal space-time, in a single pulse, so that demultiplexing yielded information about the past, present, and future.

===Superluminal transmitters and ansibles===
The terms "ultrawave" and "hyperwave" have been used by several authors, often interchangeably, to denote faster-than-light communications. Examples include:
*[[E. E. Smith]] used the term "ultrawave" in his [[Lensman series|''Lensman'' series]], for waves which propagated through a sub-ether and could be used for weapons, communications, and other applications.
*In [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Foundation (book series)|''Foundation'' series]], "ultrawave" and "hyperwave" are used interchangeably to represent a superluminal communications medium. The ''hyperwave relay'' also features.
*In the ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, [[technology in Star Trek#Subspace|subspace]] carries faster-than-light communication (subspace radio) and travel ([[warp drive]]).
*The ''[[Cities in Flight]]'' series by [[James Blish]] featured ultrawave communications which used the known phenomenon of phase velocity to carry information, a property which in fact is impossible. The limitations of phase velocity beyond the speed of light later led him to develop his Dirac communicator.
*[[Larry Niven]] used ''hyperwave'' in his [[Known Space]] series as the term for a faster-than-light method of communication. Unlike the hyperdrive that moved ships at a finite superluminal speed, hyperwave was essentially instantaneous.
*In [[Richard Morgan (author)|Richard K. Morgan]]'s [[Takeshi Kovacs]] novels human colonies on distant planets maintain contact with earth and each other via ''hyperspatial needlecast'', a technology which moves information "...so close to instantaneously that scientists are still arguing about the terminology".

A later device was the [[ansible]] coined by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] and used extensively in her [[Hainish Cycle]]. Like Blish's device it provided instantaneous communication, but without the inconvenient beep.

The ansible is also a major plot element, nearly a [[MacGuffin]], in [[Elizabeth Moon]]'s [[Vatta's War]] series. Much of the story line revolves around various parties attacking or repairing ansibles, and around the internal politics of ISC (InterStellar Communications), a corporation which holds a monopoly on the ansible technology.<ref name="vatta1">{{cite book |last=Moon |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780345447616 |title=Trading in Danger |date=September 2004 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=0-345-44761-1 |edition=mass ppb. |page=111 |quote=Attack on instersystem ansibles is just...just unthinkable.}}</ref>

The ansible is also used as the main form of communication in [[Orson Scott Card]]'s [[Ender's Game]] series. It is inhabited by an energy based, non-artificial sentient creature called an Aiúa that was placed within the ansible network and goes by the name of [[Jane (Ender's Game)|Jane]]. It was made when the humans realized that the [[Ender's Game (novel series)#Formics|Buggers]], an alien species that attacked Earth, could communicate instantaneously and so the humans tried to do the same.

===Quantum entanglement===
* In [[Ernest Cline]]'s novel ''[[Armada (novel)|Armada]]'', alien invaders possess technology for instant "quantum communication" with unlimited range. Humans reverse engineer the device from captured alien technology.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1137584491 |title=The Cyborg Subject: Reality, Consciousness, Parallax |last=Benjamin |first=Garfield |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-137-58448-9 |pages=28}}</ref>
* In the ''[[Mass Effect]]'' series of video games, instantaneous communication is possible using quantum-entanglement communicators placed in the communications rooms of starships.
* In the ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' continuity, faster-than-light communication via a subtle control over the state of entangled particles is possible, but for practical purposes extremely slow and expensive: at a transmission rate of three bits of information per hour and a cost of $7,500 per bit, it is used for only the highest priority messages.<ref>''James Cameron's Avatar: An Activist Survival Guide'', p.&nbsp;156–157.</ref>
* [[Charles Stross]]'s books ''[[Singularity Sky]]'' and ''[[Iron Sunrise]]'' make use of "causal channels" which use entangled particles for instantaneous two-way communication. The technique has drawbacks in that the entangled particles are expendable and the use of faster-than-light travel destroys the entanglement, so that one end of the channel must be transported below light speed. This makes them expensive and limits their usefulness somewhat.
* In [[Liu Cixin]]'s novel ''[[The Three-Body Problem (novel)|The Three-Body Problem]]'', the alien Trisolarans, while preparing to invade the Solar System, use a device with Ansible characteristics to communicate with their collaborators on Earth in real time. Additionally, they use spying/sabotaging devices called 'Sophons' on Earth which by penetration can access any kind of electronically saved and visual information, interact with electronics, and communicate results back to Trisolaris in real-time via quantum entanglement. The technology used is "single protons that have been unfolded from eleven space dimensions to two dimensions, programmed, and then refolded" and thus Sophons remain undetectable for humans.

===Psychic links===
[[Extrasensory perception|Psychic]] links, belonging to [[pseudoscience]],<ref>Hines, Terence. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. pp. 117–145. {{ISBN|1-57392-979-4}}.</ref><ref>Diaconis, Persi. (1978). ''Statistical Problems in ESP Research''. Science New Series, Vol. 201, No. 4351. pp. 131–136.</ref> have been described as explainable by physical principles or unexplained, but they are claimed to operate instantaneously over large distances.

In the ''[[Stargate]]'' television series, characters are able to communicate instantaneously over long distances by transferring their consciousness into another person or being anywhere in the universe using "[[Ancient (Stargate)|Ancient]] communication stones". It is not known how these stones operate, but the technology explained in the show usually revolves around [[wormhole]]s for instant teleportation, faster-than-light, space-warping travel, and sometimes around [[quantum multiverse]]s.

In [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[Time for the Stars]]'', [[twin telepathy]] was used to maintain communication with a distant spaceship.

[[Peter F. Hamilton]]'s ''[[Void Trilogy]]'' features psychic links between the multiple bodies simultaneously occupied by some characters.

In [[Brandon Sanderson]]'s [[Skyward (novel)|''Skyward'']] series, characters are able to use "Cytonics" to communicate instantaneously over any distance by sending messages via an inter-dimensional reality called "nowhere".

===Other devices===
Similar devices are present in the works of numerous others, such as [[Frank Herbert]]<ref name="star">{{cite book |last= Herbert |first= Frank |author-link= Frank Herbert |title= The Whipping Star |orig-year= 1970 |date= April 1970 |publisher= Worlds of If magazine}}</ref> and [[Philip Pullman]], who called his a ''lodestone resonator''.<ref name="amber">{{cite book |last= Pullman |first= Philip |author-link= Philip Pullman |title= The Amber Spyglass |orig-year= 2000 |edition= His Dark Materials, 3. mass pbk. |date= 2001-10-02 |publisher= [[Del Rey Books|Del Rey]] |location= New York |isbn= 0-345-41337-7 |page= [https://archive.org/details/amberspyglass00pull/page/156 156] |quote= Well, in our world there is a way of taking a common lodestone and entangling all its particles, and then splitting it in two so that both parts resonate together. |url= https://archive.org/details/amberspyglass00pull/page/156 }}</ref>

[[Anne McCaffrey]]'s ''[[Crystal Singer]]'' series posited an instantaneous communication device powered by rare "Black Crystal" from the planet Ballybran. Black Crystals cut from the same mineral deposit could be "tuned" to sympathetically vibrate with each other instantly, even when separated by interstellar distances, allowing instantaneous telephone-like voice and [[data communication]]. Similarly, in [[Gregory Keyes]]' series ''[[The Age of Unreason]]'', "aetherschreibers" use two-halves of a single "chime" to communicate, aided by scientific alchemy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keyes|first=J. Gregory|title=The Shadows of God|date=4 March 2009|publisher=Random House LLC|isbn=9780307559609|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7M0bI6HqdoC&pg=PT192|quote=My aetherschreiber was lost when the Coweta captured us.}}</ref> While the speed of communication is important, so is the fact that the messages cannot be overheard except by listeners with a piece of the same original crystal.

[[Stephen R. Donaldson]], in his [[The Gap Cycle|Gap cycle]], proposed a similar system, ''Symbiotic Crystalline Resonance Transmission'', clearly ansible-type technology but very difficult to produce and limited to text messages.

In "[[With Folded Hands]]" (1947) and ''[[The Humanoids]]'' (1949), by [[Jack Williamson]], instant communication and power transfer through interstellar space is possible with ''rhodomagnetic energy''.

In [[Ivan Yefremov]]'s 1957 novel [[Andromeda (novel)|''Andromeda Nebula'']], a device for instant transfer of information and matter is made real by using "bipolar mathematics" to explore use of anti-gravitational shadow vectors through a zero field and the antispace, which enables them to make contact with the planet of Epsilon Tucanae.

In [[Edmond Hamilton]]'s ''The Star Kings'' (1949), the discovery of an unknown form of electromagnetic radiation called sub-spectrum rays moves faster than light. The fastest of these are those of the Minus-42nd Octave, which allows for real time telestereo communication with anyone within the galaxy.<ref>[https://amazingstories.com/2014/02/star-kings-future-history/ Star King's Future History – Amazing Stories].</ref>

In [[Cordwainer Smith]]'s [[Instrumentality of Mankind|Instrumentality]] novels and stories, interplanetary and [[interstellar communication]] is normally relayed from planet to planet, presumably at superluminal speed for each stage (at least between solar systems) but with a cumulative delay. For urgent communication there is the "instant message", which is effectively instantaneous but very expensive.<ref>Smith, Cordwainer. "On the Storm Planet" (February 1965), Chap. XII, pp. 148–149 in: {{cite book |editor1-last=Dozois |editor1-first=Gardner |editor1-link=Gardner Dozois |title=Modern Classic Short Novels of Science Fiction |date=28 October 2014 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York|pages=94–163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub6FBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |quote=The communicator was the kind they mount in planoforming ships right beside the pilot. The rental on one of them was enough to make any planetary government reconsider its annual budget. ... She pressed a button. "Instant message." ... Casher, knowing the prices of this kind of communication, almost felt that he could see the arterial spurt of money go out of Henriada's budget as the machines reached across the galaxy, found Mizzer and came back with the answer.|isbn=9781466884472 }}</ref>

In [[Howard Tayler|Howard Taylor]]'s web comic series [[Schlock Mercenary]], superluminal communication is performed via the hypernet, a galaxy-spanning analogue to the [[Internet]]. Through the hypernet, communications and data are routed through nanoscopic wormholes, using conventional electromagnetic signals.