Editing Fallout shelter (section)

=== Europe ===
Similar projects have been undertaken in [[Finland]], which requires all buildings with area over 600&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> to have an NBC (nuclear-biological-chemical) shelter, and [[Norway]], which requires all buildings with an area over 1000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> to have a shelter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19950315-0254.html |title=FOR 1995-03-15 nr 254: Forskrift om tilfluktsrom |publisher=Lovdata.no |access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>

The former [[Soviet Union]] and other Eastern Bloc countries often designed their underground mass-transit and subway tunnels to serve as bomb and fallout shelters in the event of an attack. Currently, the deepest subway line in the world is situated in [[St Petersburg]] in [[Russia]], with an average depth of 60 meters, while the deepest subway station is [[Arsenalna (Kyiv Metro)|Arsenalna]] in [[Kyiv]], at 105.5 meters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pile |first1=Tim |title=Going underground: the cheapest, deepest, oldest subway systems in the world – but which is home to its own mosquito? |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3119562/going-underground-cheapest-deepest-oldest-subway |website=South China Morning Post |date=January 29, 2021 |publisher=SCMP Publishers |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060723/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3119562/going-underground-cheapest-deepest-oldest-subway |archive-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

Germany has protected shelters for 3% of its population, [[Austria]] for 30%, [[Finland]] for 70%, [[Sweden]] for 81%,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20171101/why-sweden-is-home-to-65000-fallout-shelters/|title=Why Sweden is home to 65,000 fallout shelters |newspaper=The Local Sweden |date=November 2017 |publisher=thelocal.se |access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref> and Switzerland for 114%.<ref name=SWI/>

==== Bosnia ====
[[File:BunkerTito-Acceso.jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Bosnia's Ark underground facility.]]
The [[Armijska Ratna Komanda D-0]], also known as the Ark,<ref name="visitmycountry1">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmycountry.net/bosnia_herzegovina/bh/index.php/160-turisticke-atrakcije/nase-preporuke/360-titov-bunker-ark-d0-konjic |title=Titov bunker ARK D0 - Konjic |publisher=Visitmycountry.net |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21 |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530220407/http://www.visitmycountry.net/bosnia_herzegovina/bh/index.php/160-turisticke-atrakcije/nase-preporuke/360-titov-bunker-ark-d0-konjic |url-status=dead }}</ref> was a Cold War-era nuclear bunker and military command centre located near the town of [[Konjic]]<ref name="sandzacke1">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.sandzacke.rs/magazin/zanimljivosti-zabava/ark-najvece-atomsko-skloniste-bivse-jugoslavije/ |title=ARK – najveće atomsko sklonište bivše Jugoslavije (VIDEO) – Sandžačke novine |publisher=Sandzacke.rs |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name="biennialfoundation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/d-0-ark-biennial-bosnia-and-herzegovina/|title=D-0 ARK Biennial (Bosnia and Herzegovina) |publisher=Biennial Foundation |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21}}</ref> Built to protect [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] President [[Josip Broz Tito]] and up to 350 members of his inner circle<ref name="visitmycountry1" /> in the event of an [[World War III|atomic exchange]], the structure is made up of residential areas, conference rooms, offices, strategic planning rooms, and other areas.<ref name="biennialfoundation1" /> The bunker remained a state secret until after the [[Yugoslavia Wars|breakup of Yugoslavia]] in the 1990s.<ref name="wondersofnaturewith.blogspot.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://wondersofnaturewith.blogspot.com/2011/01/objekat-d0-konjic.html|title=WONDERS OF NATURE WITH: DO KONJIC BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA|date=January 1, 2011}}</ref>

The facility is now under the authority of the [[Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Ministry of Defense]] and is managed by the country's [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina|military]], guarded by a five-soldier detachment,<ref name="visitmycountry1" /> but is designated by [[Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina|KONS]] as [[National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and used as exhibition space for project such as Cultural Event of Europe with strong UNESCO support, and tourist attraction.<ref name="biennialfoundation1" />
[[File:Željava, Underground 5.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Željava underground military airport]]
Another underground facility is [[Željava Air Base]]''',''' situated on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and [[Croatia]] under the {{Lang|sh|[[Gola Plješevica]]|italic=no}} mountain, near the city of [[Bihać]]. It was the largest [[Underground hangar|underground]] [[airport]] and [[military air base]] in the [[SFR Yugoslavia|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFRY), and one of the largest in Europe. The role of the facility was to establish, integrate and coordinate a nationwide [[early warning radar]] network in SFRY akin to [[NORAD]] in the US. The complex contained tunnels in total length of 3.5&nbsp;km (2.2&nbsp;mi), and the bunker with four entrances protected by 100-ton pressurized doors, three of which were customized for use by [[fixed-wing aircraft]]. capable in housing two full fighter [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]], one reconnaissance squadron, and associated maintenance facilities. It was designed and built to sustain a direct hit from a 20-[[kiloton]] [[nuclear bomb]], equivalent to that dropped on [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]. The underground facility was lined with semicircular concrete shields, arranged every 10&nbsp;km (6.2&nbsp;mi), to cushion the impact of incoming strike. The complex included an underground water source, power generators, crew quarters, and other strategic military facilities. It also housed a [[Cafeteria|mess hall]] that could feed 1,000 people simultaneously, along with stores of food, fuel and arms sufficient to last 30 days. Fuel was supplied by a 20&nbsp;km (12&nbsp;mi) underground pipe network connected to a military warehouse on Pokoj Hill near [[Bihać]]. Nowadays, they are popular for [[urban exploration]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zeljava Airbase |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/zeljava-airbase |accessdate=27 April 2017 |publisher=[[Atlas Obscura]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 17, 1968 |title=Underground Aircraft Dispersal Bihac Airfield, Yugoslavia 44-50N 015-47E |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB439/docs/Underground-Doc4.pdf |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|National Photographic Interpretation Center]] |via=nsarchive2.gwu.edu}}</ref><ref name="lybi">{{cite web |title=Zeljava-jna_jedinice |url=http://www.zeljava-lybi.com/opis_eng.html |accessdate=27 April 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

==== Switzerland ====
[[File:Sonnenbergtunnel.jpg|thumb|The [[Sonnenberg Tunnel]], in [[Switzerland]], was the world's largest civilian [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear]] fallout shelter, designed to protect 20,000 [[civilian]]s in the eventuality of war or disaster ([[civil defense]] function abandoned in 2006).<ref name=SWI/><ref name=Frammery/>]]

[[Switzerland]] built an extensive network of fallout shelters, not only through extra hardening of government buildings such as schools, but also through a building regulation requiring nuclear shelters in residential buildings since the 1960s (the first legal basis in this sense dates from 4 October 1963).<ref name=Frammery>{{in lang|fr}} Catherine Frammery, [https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/08/15/entrailles-sonnenberg-monstrueux-temoin-guerre-froide "Dans les entrailles du Sonnenberg, monstrueux témoin de la Guerre froide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006110917/https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/08/15/entrailles-sonnenberg-monstrueux-temoin-guerre-froide |date=October 6, 2017 }}, ''[[Le temps]]'', Monday 15 August 2016 (page visited on 15 August 2015).</ref> Later, the law ensured that all residential buildings built after 1978 contained a nuclear shelter able to withstand a blast from a 12-megaton explosion at a distance of 700 metres.<ref name=wsj4>{{cite news|last=Ball|first=Deborah|title=Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304231204576405700994655570|access-date=December 18, 2012|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 25, 2011}}</ref> The ''Federal Law on the Protection of the Population and Civil Protection'' still requires that every inhabitant should have a place in a shelter close to where they live.<ref name=SWI>{{in lang|fr}} Daniele Mariani, [http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/a-chacun-son-bunker/7485678 "À chacun son bunker"], [[Swissinfo]], 23 October 2009 (page visited on 5 August 2015).</ref>

The Swiss authorities maintained large communal shelters (such as the Sonnenberg Tunnel until 2006) stocked with over four months of food and fuel.<ref name=wsj4/> The reference ''[[Nuclear War Survival Skills]]'' declared that, as of 1986, "Switzerland has the best civil defense system, one that already includes blast shelters for over 85% of all its citizens."<ref name=NWSS1>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=6–10|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p911.htm}}</ref> As of 2006, there were about 300,000 shelters built in private residences, institutions and hospitals, as well as 5,100 public shelters for a total of 8.6 million places, a level of coverage equal to 114% of the population.<ref name=SWI/>

In Switzerland, most residential shelters are no longer stocked with the food and water required for prolonged habitation and a large number have been converted by the owners to other uses (e.g., [[wine cellar]]s, ski rooms, [[gyms]]),<ref name=wsj4/> but a legal obligation to ensure that the shelters are properly maintained remains in effect.<ref name=SWI/>

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|Royal Observer Corps monitoring post|ROTOR|Regional seat of government}}
In the United Kingdom, a network of fallout shelters were built across the country for use by the [[Royal Observer Corps]] in its nuclear reporting role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ravilious |first1=Kate |title=Descend Into Great Britain's Network of Secret Nuclear Bunkers |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/england-secret-nuclear-bunkers |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=17 January 2024 |date=11 September 2018}}</ref> Other shelters were built for the purposes of the [[ROTOR]] radar system<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Sandy |editor-last=Hunter |first=Alec |last=Morris |title=UK Control & Reporting System from the End of WWII to ROTOR and Beyond |encyclopedia=Defending Northern Skies |publisher=Royal Air Force Historical Society|date=1996|page=104}}</ref> and the [[regional seat of government]] scheme.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Matthew |title=After the Bomb: Civil Defence and Nuclear War in Britain, 1945–68 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-230-20542-0}}</ref> The [[Military citadels under London#Pindar|Pindar]] complex in London is intended to provide its inhabitants with fallout protection in the event of nuclear attack,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=T 640/384 |url=http://09b37156ee7ea2a93a5e-6db7349bced3b64202e14ff100a12173.r35.cf1.rackcdn.com/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200084%20PART%20A.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407112630/http://09b37156ee7ea2a93a5e-6db7349bced3b64202e14ff100a12173.r35.cf1.rackcdn.com/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200084%20PART%20A.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> as was the earlier [[Central Government War Headquarters]] in Corsham.<ref name="Colson">{{cite news|last=Colson|first=Thomas|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-burlington-bunker-britains-secret-underground-city-2017-1|title=Inside Britain's secret underground city built during the Cold War to protect the government from nuclear attack|work=Business Insider|date=8 May 2017|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232014/http://uk.businessinsider.com/inside-burlington-bunker-britains-secret-underground-city-2017-1|url-status=live}}</ref>