Editing Face (section)

====Genetics====
[[Human genetics|Genes]] are a major factor in the particular appearance of a person's face with the high similarity of faces of [[:simple:Identical twins#Twin research|identical twins]] indicating that most of facial variability is determined genetically.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crouch |first1=Daniel J. M. |last2=Winney |first2=Bruce |last3=Koppen |first3=Willem P. |last4=Christmas |first4=William J. |last5=Hutnik |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Day |first6=Tammy |last7=Meena |first7=Devendra |last8=Boumertit |first8=Abdelhamid |last9=Hysi |first9=Pirro |last10=Nessa |first10=Ayrun |last11=Spector |first11=Tim D. |last12=Kittler |first12=Josef |last13=Bodmer |first13=Walter F. |title=Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=23 January 2018 |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=E676–E685 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1708207114 |pmid=29301965 |pmc=5789906 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E.676C |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Studies have identified genes and gene regions determining face shape and differences in various facial features. A 2021 study found that a version of a gene associated with lip thickness – possibly selected for due to adaption to cold climate via fat distribution – [[Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans|introgressed]] from ancient humans – [[Denisovan]]s – into the modern humans [[Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Genes for face shape identified |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-genes.html |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Genes for face shape identified {{!}} Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News |url=https://scienmag.com/genes-for-face-shape-identified/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=ScienceMag |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116035239/https://scienmag.com/genes-for-face-shape-identified/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonfante |first1=Betty |last2=Faux |first2=Pierre |last3=Navarro |first3=Nicolas |last4=Mendoza-Revilla |first4=Javier |last5=Dubied |first5=Morgane |last6=Montillot |first6=Charlotte |last7=Wentworth |first7=Emma |last8=Poloni |first8=Lauriane |last9=Varón-González |first9=Ceferino |last10=Jones |first10=Philip |last11=Xiong |first11=Ziyi |last12=Fuentes-Guajardo |first12=Macarena |last13=Palmal |first13=Sagnik |last14=Chacón-Duque |first14=Juan Camilo |last15=Hurtado |first15=Malena |last16=Villegas |first16=Valeria |last17=Granja |first17=Vanessa |last18=Jaramillo |first18=Claudia |last19=Arias |first19=William |last20=Barquera |first20=Rodrigo |last21=Everardo-Martínez |first21=Paola |last22=Sánchez-Quinto |first22=Mirsha |last23=Gómez-Valdés |first23=Jorge |last24=Villamil-Ramírez |first24=Hugo |last25=Cerqueira |first25=Caio C. Silva de |last26=Hünemeier |first26=Tábita |last27=Ramallo |first27=Virginia |last28=Liu |first28=Fan |last29=Weinberg |first29=Seth M. |last30=Shaffer |first30=John R. |last31=Stergiakouli |first31=Evie |last32=Howe |first32=Laurence J. |last33=Hysi |first33=Pirro G. |last34=Spector |first34=Timothy D. |last35=Gonzalez-José |first35=Rolando |last36=Schüler-Faccini |first36=Lavinia |last37=Bortolini |first37=Maria-Cátira |last38=Acuña-Alonzo |first38=Victor |last39=Canizales-Quinteros |first39=Samuel |last40=Gallo |first40=Carla |last41=Poletti |first41=Giovanni |last42=Bedoya |first42=Gabriel |last43=Rothhammer |first43=Francisco |last44=Thauvin-Robinet |first44=Christel |last45=Faivre |first45=Laurence |last46=Costedoat |first46=Caroline |last47=Balding |first47=David |last48=Cox |first48=Timothy |last49=Kayser |first49=Manfred |last50=Duplomb |first50=Laurence |last51=Yalcin |first51=Binnaz |last52=Cotney |first52=Justin |last53=Adhikari |first53=Kaustubh |last54=Ruiz-Linares |first54=Andrés |title=A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation |journal=Science Advances |date=1 February 2021 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=eabc6160 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc6160 |pmid=33547071 |pmc=7864580 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.6160B |language=en |issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another study found look-alike humans ([[doppelgänger]]s) have genetic similarities, sharing genes affecting not only the face but also some [[phenotype]]s of physique and [[Behavioral genetics|behavior]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Golembiewski |first1=Kate |last2=Brunelle |first2=François |title=Your Doppelgänger Is Out There and You Probably Share DNA With Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/23/science/doppelgangers-twins-dna.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Ricky S. |last2=Rigau |first2=Maria |last3=García-Prieto |first3=Carlos A. |last4=Moura |first4=Manuel Castro de |last5=Piñeyro |first5=David |last6=Moran |first6=Sebastian |last7=Davalos |first7=Veronica |last8=Carrión |first8=Pablo |last9=Ferrando-Bernal |first9=Manuel |last10=Olalde |first10=Iñigo |last11=Lalueza-Fox |first11=Carles |last12=Navarro |first12=Arcadi |last13=Fernández-Tena |first13=Carles |last14=Aspandi |first14=Decky |last15=Sukno |first15=Federico M. |last16=Binefa |first16=Xavier |last17=Valencia |first17=Alfonso |last18=Esteller |first18=Manel |title=Look-alike humans identified by facial recognition algorithms show genetic similarities |journal=Cell Reports |date=23 August 2022 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=111257 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111257 |pmid=36001980 |language=English |issn=2211-1247|doi-access=free|hdl=10230/54047 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A study identified genes controlling the shape of the nose and chin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Kaustubh |last2=Fuentes-Guajardo |first2=Macarena |display-authors=et al. |title=A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 May 2016 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11616 |doi=10.1038/ncomms11616|pmid=27193062 |pmc=4874031 |bibcode=2016NatCo...711616A |s2cid=11364821 }}
* University press release: {{cite news |title=Genes for nose shape found |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160519081832.htm |access-date=6 November 2022 |work=[[University College London]] via ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> [[List of biological databases|Biological databases]] may be used to aggregate and discover associations between facial [[phenotype]]s and genes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hassani-Pak |first1=Keywan |last2=Rawlings |first2=Christopher |title=Knowledge Discovery in Biological Databases for Revealing Candidate Genes Linked to Complex Phenotypes |journal=Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics |date=1 March 2017 |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/jib-2016-0002 |pmid=28609292 |pmc=6042805 |language=en |issn=1613-4516|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Defining a Face: What Can DNA Phenotyping Really Tell Us About An Unknown Sample? |journal=National Institute of Justice |url=https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/defining-face-what-can-dna-phenotyping-really-tell-us-about-unknown-sample |access-date=4 April 2021 |language=en |quote=Based on Walsh’s phenotype analysis, King determined that one of the earliest paintings of Richard III, the 1510 “Arched Framed Portrait,” best matched the genetic information. “We were still dealing with categories [of color] because we’re not at the quantitative level yet,” Walsh said of her determination of Richard III’s hair and eye color. “[King] wanted something physical to see, and that’s what spurred me to move toward the quantitative so strongly. Because I could always say to someone, ‘blue’ or ‘blonde,’ and they would say, ‘I need to see this physically.’ So that is what I’m working on now. I want to produce that result.” Walsh has gathered DNA phenotype data from 2,000 Irish, Greek and U.S. individuals and is currently collecting data from 3,000 additional individuals from those same countries in order to create a phenotype-genotype database and prediction model. For forensic purposes, she would like to be able to start with a “blank person” and with a sample of DNA, determine the actual eye, hair and skin pigmentation.}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
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| image1 = Anthropogenie; oder, Entwickelungs-geschichte des Menschen (1910) (19181312270).jpg
| caption1 = Human face development, by [[Haeckel]]
| width1 = 132
| image2 = Kulusuk, Inuit man (6822268117).jpg
| caption2 = A man's face
| width2 = 134
| image3 = Tigray Woman (8756820602).jpg
| caption3 = A woman's face
| width3 = 133
| image4 = HV Head Shot copy.jpg
| caption4 = An intersex person's face
| width4 = 170
|}}