Editing Evidence-based medicine (section)

=== Progress ===
In the area of evidence-based guidelines and policies, the explicit insistence on evidence of effectiveness was introduced by the American Cancer Society in 1980.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eddy D | title = ACS report on the cancer-related health checkup | journal = CA | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 193–240 | year = 1980 | pmid = 6774802 | doi = 10.3322/canjclin.30.4.194 | s2cid = 221546339 | doi-access =  }}</ref> The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) began issuing guidelines for preventive interventions based on evidence-based principles in 1984.<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/about.htm|title=About the USPSTF|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815122438/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/about.htm|archive-date=15 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1985, the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association applied strict evidence-based criteria for covering new technologies.<ref name="rettig">{{cite book | vauthors = Rettig RA, Jacobson PD, Farquhar CM, Aubry WM |title=False Hope: Bone Marrow Transplantation for Breast Cancer: Bone Marrow Transplantation for Breast Cancer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbcTZLRRVmoC&pg=PA183 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974824-2 |pages=183}}</ref> Beginning in 1987, specialty societies such as the American College of Physicians, and voluntary health organizations such as the American Heart Association, wrote many evidence-based guidelines. In 1991, [[Kaiser Permanente]], a managed care organization in the US, began an evidence-based guidelines program.<ref name="kaiserpermanente">{{cite journal | vauthors = Davino-Ramaya C, Krause LK, Robbins CW, Harris JS, Koster M, Chan W, Tom GI | title = Transparency matters: Kaiser Permanente's National Guideline Program methodological processes | journal = The Permanente Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–62 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22529761 | pmc = 3327114 | doi = 10.7812/tpp/11-134 }}</ref> In 1991, Richard Smith wrote an editorial in the ''British Medical Journal'' and introduced the ideas of evidence-based policies in the UK.<ref name=smith>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith R | title = Where is the wisdom...? | journal = BMJ | volume = 303 | issue = 6806 | pages = 798–799 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1932964 | pmc = 1671173 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.303.6806.798 }}</ref> In 1993, the Cochrane Collaboration created a network of 13 countries to produce systematic reviews and guidelines.<ref name="cochrane">{{cite web|url=http://www.cochrane.org|title=The Cochrane Collaboration|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> In 1997, the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ, then known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, or AHCPR) established Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPCs) to produce evidence reports and technology assessments to support the development of guidelines.<ref name="ahrq">{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based-reports/overview/index.html|title=Agency for Health Care Policy and Research|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> In the same year, a [[National Guideline Clearinghouse]] that followed the principles of evidence-based policies was created by AHRQ, the AMA, and the American Association of Health Plans (now America's Health Insurance Plans).<ref name="guideline">{{cite web|url=http://www.guideline.gov|title=National Guideline Clearinghouse|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819030216/http://www.guideline.gov/ |archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|National Institute for Clinical Excellence]] (NICE) was created in the UK.<ref name="nice">{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk|title=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>

In the area of medical education, medical schools in Canada, the US, the UK, Australia, and other countries<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilic D, Maloney S | title = Methods of teaching medical trainees evidence-based medicine: a systematic review | journal = Medical Education | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 124–135 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24528395 | doi = 10.1111/medu.12288 | s2cid = 12765787 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maggio LA, Tannery NH, Chen HC, ten Cate O, O'Brien B | title = Evidence-based medicine training in undergraduate medical education: a review and critique of the literature published 2006–2011 | journal = Academic Medicine | volume = 88 | issue = 7 | pages = 1022–1028 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23702528 | doi = 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182951959 | doi-access = free }}</ref> now offer programs that teach evidence-based medicine. A 2009 study of UK programs found that more than half of UK medical schools offered some training in evidence-based medicine, although the methods and content varied considerably, and EBM teaching was restricted by lack of curriculum time, trained tutors and teaching materials.<ref name="medteach">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meats E, Heneghan C, Crilly M, Glasziou P | title = Evidence-based medicine teaching in UK medical schools | journal = Medical Teacher | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 332–337 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19404893 | doi = 10.1080/01421590802572791 | s2cid = 21133182 }}</ref> Many programs have been developed to help individual physicians gain better access to evidence. For example, UpToDate was created in the early 1990s.<ref name="uptodate">{{cite web|url=http://www.uptodate.com/home |title=UpToDate|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> The Cochrane Collaboration began publishing evidence reviews in 1993.<ref name=kaiserpermanente /> In 1995, BMJ Publishing Group launched Clinical Evidence, a 6-monthly periodical that provided brief summaries of the current state of evidence about important clinical questions for clinicians.<ref name="clinicalevidence">{{cite web|url=http://www.clinicalevidence.bmj.com/|title=Clinical Evidence|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-date=20 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820134338/http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>