Editing Eureka, California (section)

===Wiyot Massacre===
{{further|1860 Wiyot massacre}}
Incoming settlers began encroaching on Wiyot people by cutting off their access to ancestral sources of food in addition to the outright theft of their land. [[Fort Humboldt State Historic Park|Fort Humboldt]] was established by the U.S. Army on January 30, 1853, to establish peaceful relations between Native Americans, gold-seekers and settlers, often at the expense of the life and liberty of the Native people. The fort was commanded by Brevet Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert C. Buchanan]] of the [[U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment]].<ref name="Strobridge">{{cite book  | last =Strobridge | first =William F. | title =Regulars in the Redwoods: The U.S. Army in Northern California, 1852–1861  | publisher =Arthur H. Clarke Company  | year =1994  | pages =255–257  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=axt6AAAAMAAJ  | isbn = 978-0-87062-214-4 }}</ref> These tensions between Native people and settlers eventually led to the [[massacre]] on [[Tuluwat Island]] in 1860.<ref name="Coy"/> The attackers, who were thought to be composed primarily of Eureka businessmen, killed as many as 250 Wiyot people. The Wiyot men had left the island during their annual World Renewal Ceremony, so the victims were primarily children, women, and elderly tribal members.<ref>Norton, Jack (1979). Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press.Pg 82 ASIN B0006CYZSK Retrieved July 30, 2020.</ref> Major [[Gabriel J. Rains]], Commanding Officer of [[Fort Humboldt]] at the time, reported to his commanding officer that a local group of vigilantes had resolved to "kill every peaceable Indian – man, woman, and child."<ref name="Carranco, p. 129-130">{{cite book  | last =Carranco  | first =Lynwood  | author2 =Estle Beard  | title =Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Wars of Northern California  | publisher =University of Oklahoma Press  | date =November 1981  | page =[https://archive.org/details/genocidevendetta00carr/page/384 384]  | isbn =978-0-8061-1549-8  | url =https://archive.org/details/genocidevendetta00carr/page/384  }}</ref> Although the perpetrators were known, they never faced any legal consequences. Remaining Wiyot people took refuge at Fort Humboldt, but they were not given adequate living accommodations, and so half of them died from starvation or exposure.<ref name="Wiyot History" />

In 2004, the City of Eureka voted unanimously to return {{convert|45| acres}} of Tuluwat Island to the Wiyot Tribe as an act of [[Reparations (transitional justice)|reparation]], representing a historic victory for the [[Land Back]] movement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenson |first1=Thadeus |title=Duluwat Island is Returned to the Wiyot Tribe in Historic Ceremony |url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2019/10/21/duluwat-island-is-returned-to-the-wiyot-tribe-in-historic-ceremony |access-date=3 September 2024 |publisher=North Coast Journal |date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903001703/https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2019/10/21/duluwat-island-is-returned-to-the-wiyot-tribe-in-historic-ceremony |archive-date=September 3, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tuluwat Project |url=https://www.wiyot.us/186/Tuluwat-Project |website=Wiyot Tribe |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903002753/https://www.wiyot.us/186/Tuluwat-Project |archive-date=September 3, 2024 |language=EN-US |url-status=live }}</ref>