Editing Euphonium (section)

== Types ==
===Compensating===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
The compensating euphonium is common among professionals. It utilizes a three-plus-one-valve system with three upright valves and one side valve. The compensating valve system uses extra tubing, usually coming off the back of the three upright valves, in order to achieve proper intonation in the lower range of the instrument. This range being from E<sub>2</sub> down to B{{music|flat}}<sub>1</sub>. Not all four-valve and three-plus-one-valve euphoniums are compensating. Only those designed with extra tubing are compensating. There were, at one time, three-valve compensating euphoniums available. This configuration utilized extra tubing, just as the three-plus-one compensating models did, in order to bring the notes C<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>1</sub> in tune. This three-valve compensating configuration is still available in British style baritone horns, usually on professional models.

=== Double-bell ===
{{Main|Double bell euphonium}}
[[File:Conn20Double20Bell201.jpg|thumb|Double bell euphonium by Conn]]
A creation unique to the United States was the [[Double bell euphonium|double-bell euphonium]], featuring a second smaller bell in addition to the main one; the player could switch bells for certain passages or even for individual notes by use of an additional valve, operated with the left hand. Ostensibly, the smaller bell was intended to emulate the sound of a trombone (it was cylindrical-bore) and was possibly intended for performance situations in which trombones were not available. The extent to which the difference in sound and timbre was apparent to the listener, however, is up for debate. Michele Raffayolo of the Patrick S. Gilmore band introduced the instrument in the U.S. by 1880, and it was used widely in both school and service bands for several decades. ''Harold Brasch'' (see "List of important players" below) brought the British-style compensating euphonium to the United States c. 1939, but the double-belled euphonium may have remained in common use even into the 1950s and 1960s. In any case, they have become rare (they were last in Conn's advertisements in the 1940s, and King's catalog in the 1960s),<ref>1963 H.N. White/King catalog (Baritone/Euphonium), {{cite web |url=http://www.hnwhite.com/Euphoniums%20and%20Baritones.htm |title=H N White Euphoniums & Baritones |access-date=2013-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524063626/http://www.hnwhite.com/Euphoniums%20and%20Baritones.htm |archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> and are generally unknown to younger players. They are chiefly known now through their mention in the song "[[Seventy-Six Trombones]]" from the musical ''[[The Music Man]]'' by [[Meredith Willson]].{{clear left}}

=== Marching ===
[[File:Marchingeuph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[King Musical Instruments|King]] marching euphonium]]
Marching euphoniums are used by [[marching band]]s and in [[Drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum and bugle corps]]. Typically in a drum corps, there will be two baritone parts and one euphonium part, with the euphonium playing the lower parts comparatively. Some corps (such as the [[Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps|Blue Devils]]) march all-euphonium sections rather than only marching baritone or a mix of both.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Legget|first=John A.|url=https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/10257/31295019541480.pdf?sequence=1|title=Aspects for Arranging for Drum Corps: It's All About the Music!!!|year=2004}}</ref> In high school marching bands, the two will often be used interchangeably.

Depending on the manufacturer, the weight of these instruments can be straining to the average marcher and require great strength to hold during practices and performances, leading to nerve problems in the right pinky, a callus on the left hand, and possibly back and arm problems. Marching euphoniums and marching baritones commonly have three valves, opposed to the regular euphonium having four.

Another form of the marching euphonium is the convertible euphonium. Recently widely produced, the horn resembles a convertible tuba, being able to change from a concert upright to a marching forward bell on either the left or right shoulder. These are mainly produced by Jupiter or Yamaha, but other less expensive versions can be found.

=== Five valves ===
The five-valve euphonium (non-compensating) is an extremely rare variation of the euphonium manufactured in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Britain's [[Besson (music company)|Besson]] musical instrument company and Highams of Manchester Musical Instrument Company.
Higham and Besson's ''Clearbore'' five-valve euphonium was economical but not widely used.<ref name="Arnold Myers 2000">Arnold Myers, in Trevor Herbert, ed., ''The British Brass Band: A Musical and Social History'' (Oxford, 2000), 179. {{ISBN|0191590126}}</ref>

The Besson five-valve euphonium featured the standard three [[piston valve]]s horizontally not on top, but had an additional two piston valves off to the side. The standard euphonium has eight possible [[Fingering (music)|fingering]] and non-fingering positions by which sound is produced. The Besson and the Highams "clearbore" model rare fourth and fifth extra "side" valves change the possible fingering and non-fingering positions from eight to thirty-two.<ref name="Arnold Myers 2000"/>

The term 'five-valve euphonium' does not refer to variations of the [[double bell euphonium]] made by various brass instrument companies during the same time period. Some of the double-bell euphoniums had five valves, with the fifth valve either not on top with the other four, or by itself off to the side, but the double-bell fifth valve was used for switching the sound to the second smaller [[trombone]]-sized [[Wind instrument#Parts|bell]], and not for changing the fingering [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] of the instrument. Also, [[Václav František Červený|Cerveny]] Musical Instruments manufactures several euphoniums with five vertical [[rotary valve]]s today, but this is an unrelated recent development.<ref>https://www.bigbandinstruments.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Catalogues/Cerveny_Rotary_Valve_Instruments.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306105145/https://www.bigbandinstruments.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Catalogues/Cerveny_Rotary_Valve_Instruments.pdf |date=6 March 2023 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>