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==Geography== [[File:Mill Creek in City downstream from 38th.jpg|thumb|[[Mill Creek (Lake Erie)|Mill Creek]] passes through much of Erie, including the grounds of the [[Erie Zoo]].]] Erie is situated in [[Northwestern Pennsylvania]] at {{Coord|42|6|52|N|80|4|34|W|type:city}} (42.114507, -80.076213),<ref name="GR1">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 23, 2011 |date=February 12, 2011 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> on the southern shore of [[Lake Erie]] across from the Canadian province of Ontario. It is {{convert|100|mi}} northeast of [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], {{Convert|90|mi}} southwest of [[Buffalo, New York]], and {{convert|128|mi}} north of [[Pittsburgh]]. Erie's bedrock is [[Devonian]] [[shale]] and [[siltstone]], overlain by glacial [[till]]s and [[Outwash plain|stratified drift]]. Stream drainage in the city flows northward into Lake Erie, then through Lake Ontario into the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River]], and out to the Atlantic Ocean. South of Erie is a drainage divide, beyond which most of the streams in western Pennsylvania flow south into the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]] or [[Ohio River]]s.<ref name="Glacial Geology of Northwestern Pennsylvania">{{cite web |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/pub/generalgeology/G32/G32.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230145939/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/pub/GeneralGeology/G32/G32.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 30, 2003 |title=General Geology Report 32 |access-date=November 2, 2007 |publisher=Pennsylvania Geological Survey}}</ref> Lake Erie is about {{convert|571|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level, while the city of Erie is about {{convert|728|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|49.9|sqkm|order=flip}}, with {{convert|49.4|sqkm|order=flip}} being land and the remaining {{Convert|0.5|sqkm|order=flip|1}}, or 1.03%, being water.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4224000 |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Erie city, Pennsylvania |work=American Factfinder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213065240/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4224000 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Presque Isle State Park (referred to by locals as "the Peninsula" or simply "the beach"), is a recurving sandspit peninsula that stretches north into Lake Erie, providing a fine, natural harbor for Erie and offers {{convert|7|mi|0}} of public beaches, wetlands, and fishing sites. Erie fronts [[Presque Isle Bay]] and is laid out in a grid surrounding [[Perry Square]] in the downtown area.<ref name="map">{{Cite map |title=City of Erie, Erie County |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Transportation |date=December 1, 2005 |format=PDF |series=Type 5C |url=http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/Type5/25302.pdf}}</ref> The downtown area is separated from the waterfront by the Bayfront Parkway.<ref name="map"/> The tallest structure in Erie is [[St. Peter Cathedral (Erie, Pennsylvania)|St. Peter Cathedral]] at {{convert|265|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, and the tallest building is [[Renaissance Centre (Erie, Pennsylvania)|Renaissance Centre]] at {{convert|198|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. Historically, Erie had numerous ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Italy, which is located on Erie's west side, featuring the West 18th Street commercial corridor. South of 38th Street, the grid gives way to curvilinear roads of post-1970 suburban development. [[Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania|Millcreek Township]] and upper [[Peach Street]] in [[Summit Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania|Summit Township]] include the Erie metropolitan area's newer developments. Post-industrial redevelopment of Erie's waterfront aimed at recreational and tourism uses include the [[Bayfront Parkway]], Niagara Pier, Perry's Landing Marina, Liberty Park & Amphitheater, [[Bayfront Convention Center]], hotels, and [[Dobbins Landing]], which features the [[Bicentennial Tower]] at its northern end. On the east side of the bayfront, the [[Erie Maritime Museum]] and the Erie County main library (third-largest in Pennsylvania), host the [[USS Niagara (1813)|USS ''Niagara'']]. Docks and [[marina]]s fill the freshwater shoreline in between. ===Climate=== Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Erie falls within either a [[hot-summer humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'') if the {{convert|0|°C}} isotherm is used or a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') if the {{convert|-3|°C}} isotherm is used. It is located in the [[snow belt]] that stretches from [[Cleveland]] to [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] and [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]]; winters are moderately cold, with heavy [[lake effect snow|lake-effect snow]], but also with occasional stretches of mild weather that cause accumulated snow to melt. The city experiences a full range of weather events, including snow, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The city's lakeside location helps to temper summer heat, with an average of 4 days with highs at or above {{convert|90|°F|0}} annually, and the highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|100|°F|0}} on June 25, 1988. An average of 3 days have lows of {{convert|0|°F|0}} or colder annually, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|−18|°F|0}} on January 19, 1994, and February 16, 2015.<ref name="Erie NOAA"/> Erie is third on ''[[The Daily Beast]]''{{'}}s list of snowiest places in the United States, averaging {{convert|78.7|in|cm}};<ref>{{cite web |date=December 27, 2010 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-12-27/americas-20-snowiest-cities-from-denver-to-duluth-buffalo-to-billings |title=America's 20 Snowiest Cities, from Denver to Duluth, Buffalo to Billings |access-date=December 29, 2010}}</ref> however, the 1981–2010 normal seasonal snowfall is {{convert|100.8|in|cm|0}}. Average annual snowfall in the decade 2010-2019 was {{convert|100.7|in|cm|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Erie PA Snowfall Totals & Snow Accumulation Averages - Current Results |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Pennsylvania/Places/erie-snowfall-totals-snow-accumulation-averages.php |website=currentresults.com |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> The adverse winter conditions caused USAir Flight 499 to overrun the runway at [[Erie International Airport]] on February 21, 1986, and caused [[whiteout (weather)|whiteouts]] that were responsible for a 50-car [[multiple-vehicle collision|pile-up]] on [[Interstate 90 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 90]] on January 25, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=January 26, 2007 |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-25-penn-pileup_x.htm |title=50-car pileup on snowy Erie highway |access-date=May 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/brief.asp?ev_id=20001213X32835&key=1 |title=Accident Report |access-date=May 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124133/https://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/brief.asp?ev_id=20001213X32835&key=1 |archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref> The coldest maximum temperature on record was {{convert|-4|F|C}} in 1994 and the average coldest maximum between 1991 and 2020 was {{convert|13|F|C}}.<ref name="Erie NOAA"/> The warmest overnight low on record was {{convert|82|F|C}} once in 1918 and another time during the [[1936 North American heat wave]].<ref name="Erie NOAA"/> On average, the warmest low of the year is {{convert|75|F|C}}.<ref name="Erie NOAA"/> On December 24 and 25, 2017, Erie received {{convert|53|in|cm|0}} of snowfall, breaking a record for the largest two-day snowfall anywhere in Pennsylvania.<ref>Craig, Tim (December 26, 2017). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/12/26/record-setting-christmas-storm-buries-pennsylvanias-fourth-largest-under-more-than-4-feet-of-snow/ Record-setting Christmas storm buries Pennsylvania's fourth largest city under more than 4 feet of snow]". ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>Fritz, Angela (December 26, 2017). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/12/26/how-this-pennsylvania-city-got-more-than-4-feet-of-snow-in-just-30-hours/ How this Pennsylvania city got more than 4 feet of snow in just 30 hours]". ''The Washington Post''.</ref> By the close of the 2017–2018 snow season, Erie had recorded {{convert|198.5|in|m|abbr=on}} of snow, its snowiest season on record, breaking the previous record of {{convert|149.1|in|m|abbr=on}} inches set in 2000–2001 by a large margin.<ref name="Erie NOAA"/> The [[hardiness zone]] is now 7a along the lakeshore and 6b in the remainder of the city. [https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/] {{Erie, Pennsylvania weatherbox}}
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