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== Selected values == {{more citations needed section|date=September 2018}} === Elements === <div class="thumb" style="table-layout:fixed; margin:5px 5px 5px 0; clear:both; width:98%;"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="table-layout:fixed; overflow:auto;"> {| border=0 cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="table-layout:fixed; background:{{element color|table background}}; border:1px solid {{element color|table border}}; width:100%; max-width:2000px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; {{{style|}}};" ! colspan=20 style="background:{{element color|table title}}; padding:2px 4px;" | Enthalpies of vaporization of the elements |- style="background:{{element color|table colheader}}" ! ! [[Alkali metal|1]] ! [[Alkaline earth metal|2]] ! ! [[Group 3 element|3]] ! [[Group 4 element|4]] ! [[Group 5 element|5]] ! [[Group 6 element|6]] ! [[Group 7 element|7]] ! [[Group 8 element|8]] ! [[Group 9 element|9]] ! [[Group 10 element|10]] ! [[Group 11 element|11]] ! [[Group 12 element|12]] ! [[Boron group|13]] ! [[Carbon group|14]] ! [[Nitrogen group|15]] ! [[Chalcogen|16]] ! [[Halogen|17]] ! [[Noble gas|18]] |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | [[Group (periodic table)|Group]] → |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"| β [[Periodic table period|Period]] |- ! [[Period 1 element|1]] | {{element cell property|1=H |3=0.90|7=#ffccff|2=hydrogen |5=primordial}} | colspan="17" | | {{element cell property|1=He|3=0.08|7=#ffccff|2=helium |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 2 element|2]] | {{element cell property|1=Li|3=136|7=#99ccff|2=lithium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Be|3=292|7=#99ccff|2=beryllium |5=primordial}} | colspan="11" | | {{element cell property|1=B |3=508 |7=#ffffcc|2=boron |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=C |3=715 |7=#ffffcc|2=carbon |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=N |3=5.57|7=#ffccff|2=nitrogen |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=O |3=6.82 |7=#ffccff|2=oxygen |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=F |3=6.62 |7=#ffccff|2=fluorine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ne|3=1.71 |7=#ffccff|2=neon |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 3 element|3]] | {{element cell property|1=Na|3=97.4|7=#ccffcc|2=sodium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Mg|3=128 |7=#99ccff|2=magnesium |5=primordial}} | colspan="11" | | {{element cell property|1=Al|3=284 |7=#99ccff|2=aluminium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Si|3=359 |7=#ffffcc|2=silicon |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=P |3=12.4 |7=#ccffcc|2=phosphorus |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=S |3=45 |7=#cfc|2=sulfur |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cl|3=20.4|7=#ccffcc|2=chlorine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ar|3=6.53 |7=#ffccff|2=argon |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 4 element|4]] | {{element cell property|1=K |3=76.9 |7=#ccffcc|2=potassium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ca|3=155 |7=#99ccff|2=calcium |5=primordial}} | | {{element cell property|1=Sc|3=333 |7=#ffffcc|2=scandium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ti|3=425 |7=#ffffcc|2=titanium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=V |3=444 |7=#ffffcc|2=vanadium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cr|3=339|7=#ffffcc|2=chromium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Mn|3=221 |7=#99ccff|2=manganese |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Fe|3=340|7=#ffffcc|2=iron |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Co|3=377 |7=#ffffcc|2=cobalt |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ni|3=379|7=#ffffcc|2=nickel |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cu|3=300|7=#ffffcc|2=copper |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Zn|3=115|7=#99ccff|2=zinc |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ga|3=256 |7=#99ccff|2=gallium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ge|3=334 |7=#ffffcc|2=germanium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=As|3=32.4 |7=#ccffcc|2=arsenic |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Se|3=95.5 |7=#ccffcc|2=selenium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Br|3=30.0 |7=#ccffcc|2=bromine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Kr|3=9.08 |7=#ffccff|2=krypton |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 5 element|5]] | {{element cell property|1=Rb|3=75.8|7=#ccffcc|2=rubidium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Sr|3=141 |7=#99ccff|2=strontium |5=primordial}} | | {{element cell property|1=Y |3=390 |7=#ffffcc|2=yttrium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Zr|3=573 |7=#ffffcc|2=zirconium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Nb|3=690 |7=#ffffcc|2=niobium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Mo|3=617 |7=#ffffcc|2=molybdenum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Tc|3=585 |7=#ffffcc|2=technetium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Ru|3=619 |7=#ffffcc|2=ruthenium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Rh|3=494 |7=#ffffcc|2=rhodium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pd|3=358 |7=#ffffcc|2=palladium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ag|3=254|7=#99ccff|2=silver |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cd|3=99.9 |7=#cfc|2=cadmium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=In|3=232 |7=#99ccff|2=indium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Sn|3=296 |7=#99ccff|2=tin |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Sb|3=193 |7=#9cf|2=antimony |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Te|3=114 |7=#9cf|2=tellurium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=I |3=41.6 |7=#ccffcc|2=iodine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Xe|3=12.6 |7=#ccffcc|2=xenon |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 6 element|6]] | {{element cell property|1=Cs|3=63.9 |7=#ccffcc|2=caesium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ba|3=140 |7=#99ccff|2=barium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell-asterisk|1}} | {{element cell property|1=Lu|3=414|7=#ffc|2=lutetium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Hf|3=648 |7=#ffffcc|2=hafnium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ta|3=733 |7=#ffffcc|2=tantalum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=W |3=807 |7=#ffffcc|2=tungsten |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Re|3=704 |7=#ffffcc|2=rhenium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Os|3=678|7=#ffffcc|2=osmium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ir|3=564 |7=#ffffcc|2=iridium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pt|3=510 |7=#ffffcc|2=platinum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Au|3=342 |7=#ffffcc|2=gold |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Hg|3=59.1 |7=#ccffcc|2=mercury (element)|5=primordial|6=Mercury (element)}} | {{element cell property|1=Tl|3=165|7=#99ccff|2=thallium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pb|3=179 |7=#99ccff|2=lead |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Bi|3=179 |7=#99ccff|2=bismuth |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Po|3=103 |7=#9cf|2=polonium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=At|3=54.4|7=#ccffcc|2=astatine |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Rn|3=18.1 |7=#ccffcc|2=radon |5=from decay}} |- ! [[Period 7 element|7]] | {{element cell property|1=Fr|3=65|7=#cfc|2=francium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Ra|3=113 |7=#9cf|2=radium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell-asterisk|2vert}} | {{element cell property|1=Lr|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=lawrencium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Rf|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=rutherfordium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Db|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=dubnium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Sg|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=seaborgium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Bh|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=bohrium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Hs|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=hassium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Mt|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=meitnerium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Ds|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=darmstadtium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Rg|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=roentgenium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Cn|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=copernicium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Nh|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=nihonium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Fl|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=flerovium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Mc|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=moscovium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Lv|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=livermorium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Ts|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=tennessine |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Og|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=oganesson |5=synthetic}} |- | <br/> |- | colspan="4" {{element cell-asterisk|1|align=right}} | {{element cell property|1=La|3=400 |7=#ffffcc|2=lanthanum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ce|3=398 |7=#ffffcc|2=cerium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pr|3=331|7=#ffc|2=praseodymium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Nd|3=289|7=#9cf|2=neodymium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pm|3=289|7=#9cf|2=promethium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Sm|3=172|7=#9cf|2=samarium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Eu|3=176|7=#9cf|2=europium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Gd|3=301|7=#ffc|2=gadolinium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Tb|3=391|7=#ffc|2=terbium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Dy|3=280|7=#9cf|2=dysprosium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ho|3=251|7=#9cf|2=holmium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Er|3=280|7=#9cf|2=erbium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Tm|3=191|7=#9cf|2=thulium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Yb|3=129|7=#9cf|2=ytterbium |5=primordial}} |- | colspan="4" {{element cell-asterisk|2vert|align=right}} | {{element cell property|1=Ac|3=400|7=#ffc|2=actinium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Th|3=514 |7=#ffffcc|2=thorium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pa|3=481|7=#ffc|2=protactinium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=U |3=417|7=#ffc|2=uranium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Np|3=336|7=#ffc|2=neptunium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Pu|3=333|7=#ffc|2=plutonium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Am|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=americium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Cm|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=curium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Bk|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=berkelium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Cf|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=californium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Es|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=einsteinium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Fm|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=fermium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Md|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=mendelevium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=No|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=nobelium |5=synthetic}} |- | |- | | colspan=20 | Enthalpy in kJ/mol, measured at their respective normal boiling points |- style="height:2em; border:1px solid grey; text-align:center;" | | colspan=3 style="background:#ffccff;" | 0–10 kJ/mol | colspan=3 style="background:#ccffcc;" | 10–100 kJ/mol | colspan=3 style="background:#99ccff;" | 100–300 kJ/mol | colspan=3 style="background:#ffffcc;" | >300 kJ/mol |}</div></div> The vaporization of metals is a key step in [[metal vapor synthesis]], which exploits the increased reactivity of metal atoms or small particles relative to the bulk elements. ===Other common substances=== Enthalpies of vaporization of common substances, measured at their respective standard boiling points: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan=2 | Compound ! colspan=3 | Boiling point, at normal pressure ! colspan=2 | Heat of vaporization |- ! (K) ! (Β°C) ! (Β°F) ! ([[kilojoule per mole|kJ/mol]]) ! (J/g) |- | [[Acetone]] | 329 || 56 || 133 | 31.300 | 538.9 |- | [[Aluminium]] | 2792 || 2519 || 4566 | 294.0 | 10500 |- | [[Ammonia]] | 240 || β33.34 || β28 | 23.35 | 1371 |- | [[Butane]] | 272β274 || β1 || 30β34 | 21.0 | 320 |- | [[Diethyl ether]] | 307.8 || 34.6 || 94.3 | 26.17 | 353.1 |- | [[Ethanol]] | 352 || 78.37 || 173 | 38.6 | 841 |- | [[Hydrogen]] ([[parahydrogen]]) | 20.271 || β252.879 || β423.182 | 0.8992 | 446.1 |- | [[Iron]] | 3134 || 2862 || 5182 | 340 | 6090 |- | [[Isopropyl alcohol]] | 356 || 82.6 || 181 | 44 | 732.2 |- | [[Methane]] | 112 || β161 || β259 | 8.170 | 480.6 |- | [[Methanol]] | 338 || 64.7 || 148 | 35.2<ref>NIST</ref> | 1104 |- | [[Propane]] | 231 || β42 || β44 | 15.7 | 356 |- | [[Phosphine]] | 185 || β87.7 || β126 | 14.6 | 429.4 |- | [[Properties of water|Water]] | 373.15 || 100 || 212 | 40.66 | 2257 |}
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