Editing Endometriosis (section)

===Complications===

==== Physical health ====
Complications of endometriosis include internal scarring, adhesions, pelvic [[cyst]]s, ovarian [[Endometrioma|chocolate cysts]], ruptured cysts, and [[Gastrointestinal tract|bowel]] and ureter obstruction resulting from pelvic adhesions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Acosta S, Leandersson U, Svensson SE, Johnsen J |title=Fallbeskrivning. Endometrios orsakade kolonileus, uretärobstruktion och hypertoni |language=sv |journal=Läkartidningen |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=2208–2212 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11402601 |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/1121619 |trans-title=A case report. Endometriosis caused colonic ileus, ureteral obstruction and hypertension}}</ref> [[Endometriosis-associated infertility]] may result from scar formation and anatomical distortions caused by the condition.<ref name="WH2014" />

Ovarian endometriosis may complicate [[pregnancy]] through [[decidualization]], abscess formation, and/or rupture.<ref name="Ueda">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ueda Y, Enomoto T, Miyatake T, Fujita M, Yamamoto R, Kanagawa T, Shimizu H, Kimura T |date=June 2010 |title=A retrospective analysis of ovarian endometriosis during pregnancy |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |pmid=19356751 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.092 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref>

[[Thoracic endometriosis]] can be associated with recurrent [[Hemothorax#Nontraumatic|thoracic endometriosis syndrome]] which manifests during menstrual periods. It includes [[Uterine cycle|catamenial]] pneumothorax in 73% of women, catamenial [[hemothorax]] in 14%, catamenial hemoptysis in 7%, and pulmonary [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] in 6%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Visouli AN, Zarogoulidis K, Kougioumtzi I, Huang H, Li Q, Dryllis G, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Machairiotis N, Katsikogiannis N, Papaiwannou A, Lampaki S, Zaric B, Branislav P, Porpodis K, Zarogoulidis P | title = Catamenial pneumothorax | journal = Journal of Thoracic Disease | volume = 6 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = S448-60 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25337402 | pmc = 4203986 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.08.49 }}</ref><ref name=McCann2020p1419/>

A 20-year study involving 12,000 women with endometriosis found that individuals under 40 are three times more likely to develop heart problems compared to their healthy peers.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wise J |title=Women with endometriosis show higher risk for heart disease |journal=BMJ |volume=353 |pages=i1851 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27036948 |doi=10.1136/bmj.i1851 |s2cid=28699291}}</ref>

A study indicated that 39% of women with surgically confirmed non-graded endometriosis had a 270% higher risk for [[ectopic pregnancy]] and a 76% higher risk for [[miscarriage]] compared to their peers. For women with deep endometriosis (>5&nbsp;mm invasion, ASRM Stage II and higher), the risk of miscarriage increased by 298%.<ref name="PMC9588543">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schliep KC, Farland LV, Pollack AZ, Buck Louis G, Stanford JB, Allen-Brady K, Varner MW, Kah K, Peterson CM | title = Endometriosis diagnosis, staging and typology and adverse pregnancy outcome history | journal = Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 771–781 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 35570746 | pmc = 9588543 | doi = 10.1111/ppe.12887 }}</ref><ref name="ESHRE2015">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=ESHRE2015: Endometriosis associated with a greater risk of complications in pregnancy |url=https://endometriosis.org/news/congress-highlights/eshre2015-endometriosis-associated-with-a-greater-risk-of-complications-in-pregnancy/#:~:text=After%20adjustments%20for%20age%20and%20previous%20pregnancy%2C%20results,three%20times%20higher%20for%20ectopic%20pregnancy%20%28OR%202.7%29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213213247/https://endometriosis.org/news/congress-highlights/eshre2015-endometriosis-associated-with-a-greater-risk-of-complications-in-pregnancy/#:~:text=After%20adjustments%20for%20age%20and%20previous%20pregnancy%2C%20results,three%20times%20higher%20for%20ectopic%20pregnancy%20%28OR%202.7%29 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=endometriosis.org |publisher=European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology |vauthors=Saraswat L}}</ref>

Women with endometriosis also face a significantly increased risk of experiencing [[Antepartum bleeding|ante-]] and [[Postpartum bleeding|postpartum hemorrhage]]<ref name="ESHRE2015" />  as well as a 170% increased risk of severe [[pre-eclampsia]]<ref name="PMID28181672" /> during pregnancy.

Endometriosis slightly increases the risk (about 1% or less) of developing ovarian, breast, and thyroid cancers compared to women without the condition.<ref name="Kvaskoff Mahamat-Saleh Farland Shigesi pp. 393–420">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kvaskoff M, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Farland LV, Shigesi N, Terry KL, Harris HR, Roman H, Becker CM, As-Sanie S, Zondervan KT, Horne AW, Missmer SA | title = Endometriosis and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 393–420 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33202017 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmaa045 | publisher = Oxford University Press (OUP) | hdl = 20.500.11820/fa3c779d-3cc7-4d0d-b93a-d7176fd8244d | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

The mortality rates associated with endometriosis are low, with unadjusted and age-standardized death rates of 0.1 and 0.0 per 100,000, respectively.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal | vauthors =  Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Sciatic endometriosis, also called catamenial or cyclical sciatica, is a rare form where endometriosis affects the sciatic nerve. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] or [[CT-myelography]].<ref name="Gandhi Wilson Liang Weissbart pp. 3–9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gandhi J, Wilson AL, Liang R, Weissbart SJ, Khan SA | title=Sciatic endometriosis: A narrative review of an unusual neurogynecologic condition | journal=Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=13 | issue=1 | date=11 November 2020 | issn=2284-0265 | doi=10.1177/2284026520970813 | pages=3–9| s2cid=228834273 }}</ref>

Endometriosis can also impact a woman's [[fetus]] or [[neonate]], increasing the risks for [[congenital malformations]], [[Preterm birth|preterm delivery]], and higher [[Perinatal mortality|neonatal death]] rates.<ref name="PMID28181672">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berlac JF, Hartwell D, Skovlund CW, Langhoff-Roos J, Lidegaard Ø | title = Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications | journal = Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica | volume = 96 | issue = 6 | pages = 751–760 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28181672 | doi = 10.1111/aogs.13111 }}</ref>

Endometriosis can lead to ovarian cysts (endometriomas), adhesions, and damage to the fallopian tubes or ovaries, all of which can interfere with ovulation and fertilization. Treatment for endometriosis often includes hormonal therapies, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to remove the endometrial tissue. For women who struggle with infertility due to endometriosis, assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be recommended, sometimes in combination with surgical treatment to improve fertility outcomes.

==== Mental health ====
"Endometriosis is associated with an elevated risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jia SZ, Leng JH, Shi JH, Sun PR, Lang JH | title = Health-related quality of life in women with endometriosis: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Ovarian Research | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 29 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23078813 | pmc = 3507705 | doi = 10.1186/1757-2215-5-29 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> Studies suggest this is partially due to the pelvic pain experienced by endometriosis patients. {{blockquote| "It has been demonstrated that pelvic pain has significant negative effects on women's mental health and quality of life; in particular, women who suffer from pelvic pain report high levels of anxiety and depression, loss of working ability, limitations in social activities and a poor quality of life" <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Low WY, Edelmann RJ, Sutton C | title = A psychological profile of endometriosis patients in comparison to patients with pelvic pain of other origins | journal = Journal of Psychosomatic Research | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–116 | date = February 1993 | pmid = 8463987 | doi = 10.1016/0022-3999(93)90077-S }}</ref>
}}
Mental health concerns like depression and anxiety can also result due to poor diagnostic procedures related to cultural norms where women's concerns are devalued or ignored, especially by medical professionals.<ref>Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, Denny E, Mitchell H, Baumgarten M, et al. (1 November 2013). "The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women's lives: a critical narrative review". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (6): 625–39. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt027. hdl:2086/8845. PMID 23884896.</ref><ref>Nnoaham KE, Hummelshoj L, Webster P, d'Hooghe T, de Cicco Nardone F, de Cicco Nardone C, et al. (August 2011). "Impact of endometriosis on quality of life and work productivity: a multicenter study across ten countries". Fertility and Sterility. 96 (2): 366–373.e8. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.090. PMC 3679489. PMID 21718982.</ref>