Editing Edward I of England (section)

===Second Barons' War===
{{Main|Second Barons' War}}

From 1264 to 1267 the [[Second Barons' War]] was fought between baronial forces led by the [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Earl of Leicester]] and those who remained loyal to the King. Edward initiated the fighting by capturing the rebel-held city of [[Gloucester]]. When [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby]], came to the assistance of the baronial forces, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl. Edward later broke the terms of the agreement.<ref name= Hamilton53>{{Harvnb|Hamilton|2010|p=53}}.</ref> He then captured [[Northampton]] from [[Simon de Montfort the Younger]] before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=42–43}}.</ref> The baronial and royalist forces met at the [[Battle of Lewes]], on 14&nbsp;May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of the Earl of Leicester's forces. Unwisely, he pursued the scattered enemy, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sadler|2008|pp=55–69}}.</ref> By the [[Mise of Lewes]], Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as [[hostage]]s to Leicester.<ref>{{Harvnb|Maddicott|1983|pp=592–599}}.</ref>

[[File:Montfort Evesham.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|alt=There are three sections. In the left, a group of knights in armour are holding a naked body, seemingly attacking it with their swords. In the middle, a naked body lies with severed arms, legs and head nest to a uniform, arms and another prone body. The right section seemingly depicts a pile of dead bodies in armour.|Medieval manuscript showing the [[Simon de Montfort|Earl of Leicester]]'s mutilated body at the field of [[battle of Evesham|Evesham]]]]
Edward remained in captivity until March 1265, and after his release was kept under strict surveillance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=47–48}}; {{Harvnb|Hamilton|2010|p=53}}.</ref> In [[Hereford]], he escaped on 28&nbsp;May while out riding and joined up with [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester]], who had recently defected to the King's side.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=48–49}}.</ref> The Earl of Leicester's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] and Gloucester with little effort.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=49–50}}.</ref> Meanwhile, Leicester had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son [[Simon de Montfort the Younger|Simon]]. Edward made a surprise attack at [[Kenilworth Castle]], where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the Earl of Leicester.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|pp=201–202}}.</ref> The two forces then met at the [[Battle of Evesham]], on 4&nbsp;August 1265.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chancellor|1981|p=63}}.</ref> The Earl of Leicester stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and his corpse mutilated on the field.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sadler|2008|pp=105–109}}.</ref>

Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy. During the summer campaign he began to learn from his mistakes and gained the respect and admiration of contemporaries through actions such as showing clemency towards his enemies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|pp=75–76}}.</ref> The war did not end with the Earl of Leicester's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with Simon the Younger and his associates at the [[Isle of Axholme]] in Lincolnshire, and in March 1266 he led a successful assault on the [[Cinque Ports]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=55}}.</ref> A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory [[Dictum of Kenilworth]] in October 1266.<ref name=Prestwich2007P117/>{{Efn|The Dictum restored land to the disinherited rebels, in exchange for a fine decided by their level of involvement in the wars.<ref name="Prestwich2007P117">{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=117}}.</ref>}} In April it seemed as if the Earl of Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement.<ref name=Prestwich2007P121/>{{Efn|The essential concession was that the disinherited would now be allowed to take possession of their lands ''before'' paying the fines.<ref name="Prestwich2007P121">{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=121}}.</ref>}} Around this time, Edward was made [[Steward (office)|steward]] of England and began to exercise influence in the government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jobson|2012|pp=164–165}}.</ref> He was also appointed [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] in 1265.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|p=76}}</ref> Despite this, he was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars as he was planning his forthcoming [[crusade]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=63}}.</ref>