Editing Edmonton (section)

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Edmonton}}
[[File:Winter season in Canada - Edmonton, November 2013 (11508911505).jpg|thumb|Winters in Edmonton are typically cold and dry.]]

Edmonton has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'', [[Trewartha climate classification]] ''Dcbc'') with typically cold, dry winters and warm, sunny summers, prone to extremes and large swings at all times of the year. It falls into the [[Natural Resources Canada|NRC]] 4a [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness Zone]].<ref name="Canadian Plant Hardiness Zones">{{cite web|title=Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality |url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=E |website=Natural Resources Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=March 26, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313212349/http://planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=22&prov=alberta&val=e |archive-date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref>

Summer in Edmonton lasts from June until early September, while winter lasts from November until March and in common with all of Alberta<ref>See {{cite book |last=Szeto |first=Kit K. |date=2008 |chapter=Variability of Cold-Season Temperatures in the Mackenzie Basin |editor-last=Woo |editor-first=M. |title=Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience |pages=61–82 |publisher=Springer Berlin |location=Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_4|isbn=978-3-540-73935-7 }}</ref> varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable. Edmonton's [[growing season]] on average lasts from May 9 to September 22;<ref name="ECCA" /><ref>{{cite web|date=September 20, 2010|title=Frost Chart for Canada|url=http://www.almanac.com/content/frost-chart-canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022064911/http://www.almanac.com/content/frost-chart-canada|archive-date=October 22, 2010|access-date=September 20, 2010|publisher=The Old Farmer's Almanac}}</ref> having an average 135–140 frost-free days each year,<ref name="ECCA" /><ref name="Growing Season">{{Cite book|last=Walls|first=Martha|title=Edmonton Book of Everything|publisher=Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc.|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2|page=62}}</ref> resulting in one of the longest growing seasons on the [[Canadian Prairies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada Hardiness Zones Frost Dates {{!}} Veseys|url=https://www.veseys.com/ca/canada-hardiness-zones-frost-dates|access-date=January 5, 2022|website=www.veseys.com}}</ref> At the [[summer solstice]], Edmonton receives 17 hours and three minutes of daylight, with an hour and 46 minutes of [[civil twilight]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Advanced options and sun angles|date=August 7, 2012|url=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/sunrise/advanced.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121233211/http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/sunrise/advanced.html|archive-date=January 21, 2013|access-date=March 18, 2013|publisher=[[National Research Council Canada]]}}</ref> and on average receives 2,344 hours of bright sunshine<ref>{{cite web|date=March 14, 2012|title=Sunniest Year Round|url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=40&submit=Submit|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415153955/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=40&submit=Submit|archive-date=April 15, 2012|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> per year, making it one of Canada's sunniest cities.<ref name="ECCA" />

The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[Saskatoon]] or [[Winnipeg]],<ref name="coldestcities">{{cite web | url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/coldest-cities-winter.php | title=Coldest Canadian Cities in Winter | author=Liz Osborn | publisher=Current Results Publishing Ltd. | access-date=October 8, 2009 | quote=The cities included in these rankings are Canada's largest metropolitan areas. These are the 33 urban regions that had over 100,000 people according to the 2011 census by Statistics Canada. The temperature data are averages of weather measurements made from 1981 to 2010. |url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805050544/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/coldest-cities-winter.php | archive-date=August 5, 2009 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> all of which are on a more southerly latitude than Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of {{convert|-10.3|C}} in January to a summer peak of {{convert|18.1|C}} in July,<ref name="ECCA" /> with average maximum of {{convert|23.5|C}} in July and minimum of {{convert|-14.7|C}} in January.<ref name="ECCA" /> Temperatures can exceed {{convert|30|C}} for an average of four to five afternoons anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below {{convert|-20|C}} for an average of 24.6 days in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was {{convert|37.2|C}} on June 29, 1937<ref>{{cite web |work=Climate Data Almanac |title=Climate Data for June 1937 for Edmonton |publisher=Environment Canada |date=February 17, 2016 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=14&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1937 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025644/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=14&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1937 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 }}</ref> and on July 2, 2013, a record high [[humidex]] of 44 was recorded due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of {{convert|33.9|C}} and a record high [[dew point]] of {{convert|23|C}}.<ref name="Humidex43">{{cite web |title=Hourly Data Report for July 02, 2013 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?timeframe=1&hlyRange=1999-06-23%7C2019-05-08&dlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2019-05-08&mlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27214&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmon&Year=2013&Month=7&Day=2# |website=Environment and Climate Change Canada |date = October 31, 2011|publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=May 9, 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510022748/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?timeframe=1&Year=2013&Month=7&Day=2&hlyRange=1999-06-23%7C2019-05-08&dlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2019-05-08&mlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27214&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmon |archive-date=May 10, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="hotdayedm">{{cite news|last1=Classen |first1=Josh |title=Hot, humid and stormy – July 2, 2013 |url=http://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-area-weather/hot-humid-and-stormy-july-2-2013-1.1349972 |access-date=January 30, 2016 |publisher=CTV News Edmonton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204084501/http://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-area-weather/hot-humid-and-stormy-july-2-2013-1.1349972 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 }}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was {{convert|-49.4|C}} on January 19 and 21, 1886.<ref name="January 1886">{{cite web |work= Climate Data Almanac |title= January 1886 |publisher= Environment Canada |date= September 22, 2015 |url= http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1886&Month=1# |access-date= May 14, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160610070514/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1886&Month=1 |archive-date= June 10, 2016 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, receiving {{convert|422.5|mm|2|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year, of which {{convert|329.3|mm|2|abbr=on}} is rain and {{convert|93.2|mm|2|abbr=on}} is the melt from {{convert|123.9|cm|1|abbr=on}} from snowfall.<ref name="ECCA" /> Over 75% of the average annual precipitation falls in the late spring, summer, and early autumn, with the wettest month being July, having a mean precipitation of {{convert|93.8|mm|abbr=on|2}},<ref name="ECCA" /> and the driest months being February, March, October, November and December.<ref name="ECCA" /> Significant snowfall accumulation typically begins in late October and tapers off by late March. Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the {{convert|114|mm|abbr=on|2}} of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.<ref name="ECCA" /> Much of the precipitation that Edmonton receives in the summer comes from late-day thunderstorms,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonton climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/canada/edmonton|access-date=January 2, 2021|website=www.climatestotravel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thunderstorm {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/thunderstorm|access-date=April 1, 2021|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> which are frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and tornadoes.

The summer of 2006 was particularly warm for Edmonton, as temperatures reached {{convert|29|C}} or higher more than 20 times from mid-May to early September. Later, the summer of 2021 saw the temperature rise above {{convert|29|C}} on 23 days between June and August, while nearly breaking the record high temperature on June 30 with a temperature of {{convert|37.0|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=October 31, 2011|title=Daily Data Report for June 2021 – Climate – Environment and Climate Change Canada|url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1999-06-23%7C2022-01-03&dlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2022-01-03&mlyRange=1996-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27214&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=2021&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&time=LST&Day=1&Year=2021&Month=6#|access-date=January 5, 2022|website=climate.weather.gc.ca|language=en}}</ref> The winter of 2011–12 was particularly warm: from December 22 through March 20 there were 53 occasions when Edmonton saw temperatures at or above {{convert|0.0|C}} at the City Centre Airport, and even warmer in the city proper.<ref name="Daily Data Report for December 2011">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for December 2011 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=12&Day=29&Year=2011&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020417/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=12&Day=29&Year=2011&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Data Report for January 2012">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for January 2012 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=1&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511012406/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=1&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Data Report for February 2012">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for February 2012 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=2&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511042656/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=2&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Data Report for March 2012">{{cite web |title=Daily Data Report for March 2012 |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=3&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |publisher=Environment Canada |access-date=September 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030212/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?StationID=31427&Month=3&Day=29&Year=2012&timeframe=2 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref>

A massive cluster of thunderstorms swept through Edmonton on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} of rain reported within an hour in many places.<ref name="Edmonton 2004 Storm">{{cite web|title=The Edmonton Hailstorm of 2004|url=http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/cmos_2005/Brimelow_Julian_CMOS_2005.pdf|publisher=University of Alberta, Meteorological Service of Canada|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102508/http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/cmos_2005/Brimelow_Julian_CMOS_2005.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/adjusters-assess-storm-damage-to-west-edmonton-mall-1.468426 |author=CBC |title=Adjusters assess storm damage to West Edmonton Mall |access-date=February 27, 2009 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=July 12, 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309115400/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/07/12/edmonton_storm_new040712.html |archive-date=March 9, 2007}}</ref>

Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989,<ref name="Chapter 8">{{cite web|title=Atlas of the Edmonton Tornado and Hailstorm, 1987|url=https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/tornado/home/chapt8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927103657/https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/tornado/home/chapt8|archive-date=September 27, 2016|access-date=June 7, 2016|publisher=University of Alberta}}</ref> and eight since 1990.<ref name="CNRD 1980-2009">{{cite web|title=Canadian National Tornado Database: Verified Events (1980–2009) – Public|url=http://donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/weather/products/canadian-national-tornado-database-verified-events-1980-2009-public/?lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013647/http://donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/weather/products/canadian-national-tornado-database-verified-events-1980-2009-public/?lang=en|archive-date=December 21, 2016|access-date=August 6, 2016|website=Environment Canada Data}}</ref> An [[Edmonton tornado|F4 tornado]] that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thirty years after deadly Edmonton tornado, storms remain difficult to track|language=en|work=CBC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-tornado-black-friday-30th-anniversary-environment-canada-storm-tracking-1.4226615|url-status=live|access-date=January 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307060411/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-tornado-black-friday-30th-anniversary-environment-canada-storm-tracking-1.4226615|archive-date=March 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Graney|first=Juris|date=July 29, 2016|title=All We Have Learned: 29 Years After Black Friday, Alberta's Worst Tornado Disaster|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/all-we-have-learned-29-years-after-black-friday-albertas-worst-tornado-disaster|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201082212/http://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/all-we-have-learned-29-years-after-black-friday-albertas-worst-tornado-disaster|archive-date=February 1, 2018|access-date=January 30, 2018|website=Edmonton Journal}}</ref> It is commonly referred to as ''Black Friday'' due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.<ref name="EdmontonTornado">{{cite news|date=May 23, 2013|title=1987 Edmonton tornado|work=CBC Digital Archives|publisher=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/deadly-skies-canadas-most-destructive-tornadoes/1987-edmonton-tornado.html|url-status=live|access-date=July 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007110545/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/deadly-skies-canadas-most-destructive-tornadoes/1987-edmonton-tornado.html|archive-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref> Then-mayor [[Laurence Decore]] cited the community's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a "city of champions," which later became an unofficial slogan of the city.<ref name="nicknames" /><ref name="Champions">{{cite news|author=Elizabeth Withey|date=July 31, 2007|title=Wanted: new slogan for Edmonton|newspaper=Edmonton Journal|publisher=[[Postmedia Network]]}}</ref>

{{Edmonton City Centre weatherbox}}
{{Edmonton International weatherbox}}