Editing Echidna (mythology) (section)

==Cave==
According to Hesiod, Echidna was born in a cave and apparently lived alone (in that same cave, or perhaps another), as Hesiod describes it, "beneath the secret parts of the holy earth ... deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men", a place appointed by the gods, where she "keeps guard in Arima".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270 295-305 (Evelyn-White)]; Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA161 p. 161].</ref> (Though Hesiod here may possibly be referring to Echidna's mother Ceto's home cave instead.)<ref>West 1966,  p. 250 line 301 '''οι'''; Gantz, p. 22.</ref> It was perhaps from this same cave that Echidna used to "carry off passersby".<ref>[[Pseudo-Apollodorus|Apollodorus]], ''Library '' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.1.2 2.1.2].</ref>

Hesiod locates Echidna's cave in Arima (''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν''). Presumably, this is the same place where, in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', Zeus, with his thunderbolts, lashes the land about Echidna's mate Typhon, described as the land of the [[Arimoi]] (''εἰν Ἀρίμοις''), "where men say is the couch [bed] of Typhoeus", Typhoeus being another name for Typhon.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.783&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134 2.783]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 p. 72]; West 1966, p. 251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'''; Lane Fox, p. 288; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28]. West, notes that Typhon's "couch" appears to be "not just 'where he lies', but also where he keeps his spouse"; compare with [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/354/mode/2up 8.97&ndash;98 (pp. 354&ndash;355)].</ref> But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where this Arima might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been since ancient times the subject of speculation and debate.<ref>For an extensive discussion see Lane Fox, especially pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA39 39], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA283 283&ndash;301]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA317 317&ndash;318]. See also West 1966, pp. 250&ndash;251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν'''; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 pp. 28&ndash;30].</ref>

The geographer [[Strabo]] (c. 20 AD) discusses the question in some detail.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6].</ref> Several locales, [[Cilicia]], [[History of Syria|Syria]], [[Lydia]], and the Island of Pithecussae (modern [[Ischia]]), each associated with Typhon in various ways, are given by Strabo as possible locations for Hesiod's "Arima" (or Homer's "Arimoi").

The region in the vicinity of the ancient Cilician coastal city of [[Corycus]] (modern [[Kızkalesi|Kızkalesi, Turkey]]) is often associated with Typhon's birth. The poet [[Pindar]] (c. 470 BC), who has Typhon born in Cilicia, and nurtured in "the famous Cilician cave"<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15&ndash;17]; compare with [[Pindar]], ''Pythian''  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8 8.15&ndash;16], which calls Typhon "Cilician", [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343 353&ndash;356], which calls Typhon "the earth-born dweller of the Cilician caves", and [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3], which has Typhon born in Cilicia, and deposit the incapacitated Zeus in Typhon's "Corycian cave". See also [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.140. (I pp. 12&ndash;13)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n71/mode/2up 1.154. (I pp. 14&ndash;15)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2up 1.258&ndash;260 (I pp. 20&ndash;23)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/26/mode/2up 1.321 (I pp. 26&ndash;27)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up 2.35 (I pp. 46&ndash;47)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up 2.631 ff. (I pp. 90&ndash;91)].</ref> an apparent allusion to the [[Corycus#Corycian Cave|Corycian cave]],<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 pp. 72&ndash;73]; West 1966, p. 251 line 304 '''εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν''' (''c'').</ref> also has Zeus slaying Typhon "among the Arimoi".<ref>[[Pindar]], fragment 93 ''apud'' [[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html 13.4.6] (Race, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml pp. 328&ndash;329]).</ref> The fourth-century BC historian [[Callisthenes]], located the Arimoi and the Arima mountains in Cilicia, near the [[Göksu|Calycadnus]] river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promontory.<ref>[[Callisthenes]] ''FGrH'' 124 F33 = [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA25 p. 25]; [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox]], p. 292. [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox]], pp. 292&ndash;298, connects Arima with the [[Hittites|Hittite]] place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta" which he associates with the Corycian cave.</ref> The b scholia to ''[[Iliad]]'' 2.783, preserving a possible Orphic tradition, has Typhon born "under Arimon in Cilicia",<ref>Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59 pp. 59&ndash;60 no. 52]; Ogden 2013b, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA36 pp. 36&ndash;38]; Gantz, pp. 50&ndash;51, Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 46].</ref> and [[Nonnus]] mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.140. (I pp. 12&ndash;13)].</ref>

Just across the [[Gulf of Issus]] from [[Corycus]], in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modern [[Jebel Aqra]] in Turkey) and the [[Orontes River]], said to be the site of the battle of Typhon and Zeus.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html 16.2.7]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> According to Strabo, the historian [[Posidonius]] identified the Arimoi with the [[Aramaeans]] of Syria.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html 16.4.27].  According to West 1966, p. 251, "This identification [Arimoi as Aramaeans] has been repeated in modern times." For example for Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71], the "Arimoi, it seems fairly certain, are the Aramaeans, and the country is either Syria or Cilicia, most likely the latter, since in later sources that is usually Typhon's land." See also West (1997), p. 301 n. 70. But Lane Fox, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA291 291&ndash;298], rejects this identification, instead arguing for the derivation of "Arima" from the [[Hittite language|Hittite]] place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta".</ref>

According to some, Arima was instead located in a volcanic plain on the upper [[Gediz River]] called the [[Catacecaumene]] ("Burnt Land"), situated between the ancient kingdoms of Lydia, [[Mysia]] and [[Phrygia]], near [[Mount Tmolus]] (modern Bozdağ) and [[Sardis]], the ancient capital of Lydia.<ref>Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA289 pp. 289&ndash;291], rejects Catacecaumene as the site of Homer's "Arimoi".</ref> According to Strabo, some placed the Arimoi and the battle between Typhon and Zeus at Catacecaumene,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19 12.8.19], compare with [[Diodorus Siculus]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#71 5.71.2&ndash;6], which says that Zeus slew Typhon in Phrygia.</ref> while [[Xanthus (historian)|Xanthus of Lydia]] added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.11].</ref> Strabo also tells us that, according to "some", Homer's "couch of Typhon" (and hence the Arimoi) was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde", with Hyde being another name for Sardis (or its acropolis), and that [[Demetrius of Scepsis]] thought that the Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6 13.4.6]. For Hyde see also [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+20.386 20.386].</ref> The third-century BC poet [[Lycophron]] placed Echidna's lair in this region.<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mode/2up 1351 ff. (pp. 606&ndash;607)] associates Echidna's "dread bed" with a lake identified as Lake Gygaea or Koloe (modern [[Lake Marmara]]), see Robert, pp. 334 ff.; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA290 pp. 290&ndash;291]. For Lake Gygaea see [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.858 2.864&ndash;866]; [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.93 1.93]; [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5 13.4.5&ndash;6].</ref>

Another place mentioned by Strabo as being associated with Arima is the volcanic island of Pithecussae, off the coast of ancient [[Cumae]] in Italy. According to [[Pherecydes of Athens]], Typhon fled to Pithecussae during his battle with Zeus<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens|Pherecydes]], fr. 54 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 307); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref> and, according to Pindar, Typhon lay buried beneath the island.<ref>So Strabo, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html 5.4.9], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6 13.4.6]; Lane Fox, p. 299, Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76]. Pindar, ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15&ndash;20], has Typhon buried under a much vaster region than just Pithecussae, though he doesn't mention the island by name, stretching from Mount Etna in Sicily, to the "sea-girt cliffs above Cumae" (Lane Fox, p. 299, argues that the "cliffs" mentioned by Pindar refer to the island cliffs of Ischia). Compare with Pindar, ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4 4.6&ndash;7], which also has Typhon under Etna.</ref> Strabo reports the "myth" that when Typhon "turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small islands containing boiling water, spout forth".<ref>Strabo, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html 5.4.9].</ref> The connection to Arima comes from the island's Greek name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and, according to Strabo, residents of the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.<ref>Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6 13.4.6]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298 pp. 298&ndash;301]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 47]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29].</ref>

Quintus Smyrnaeus locates her cave "close on the borders of Eternal Night".<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' (or ''Fall of Troy'') [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up 6.260 ff. (pp. 272&ndash;273)].</ref>