Editing Early Islamic philosophy (section)

===Falsafa===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
From the 9th century onward, owing to [[Caliph]] [[al-Ma'mun]] and his successor, Greek philosophy was introduced among the [[Arab]]s, and the [[Peripatetic school]] began to find able representatives among them; such were [[Al-Kindi]], [[Al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina (Avicenna)]], and [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd (Averroës)]], all of whose fundamental principles were considered as criticized by the Mutakallamin. Another trend, represented by the [[Brethren of Purity]], used Aristotelian language to expound a fundamentally [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonic]] and [[Neopythagoreanism|Neopythagorean]] world view.

During the [[Abbasid caliphate]] a number of thinkers and scientists, some of them [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] Muslims or non-Muslims, played a role in transmitting Greek, [[Hindu]], and other pre-Islamic knowledge to the [[Christians|Christian]] [[Western world|West]]. They contributed to making [[Aristotle]] known in Christian [[Europe]]. Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina (Avicenna)]] and [[al-Kindi]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] and [[Neoplatonism]] with other ideas introduced through Islam. They were considered by many as highly unorthodox and a few even described them as non-Islamic philosophers.

From Spain Arabic philosophic literature was translated into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Latin]], contributing to the development of modern European philosophy. The philosophers [[Maimonides|Moses Maimonides]] (a [[Jew]] born in [[Al Andalus|Muslim Spain]]) and [[Ibn Khaldun]] (born in modern-day [[Tunisia]]), the father of [[sociology]] and [[historiography]], were also important philosophers, though the latter did not identify himself as a ''falsafa'', but rather a ''kalam'' author.