Editing E-commerce (section)

=== China ===
{{Main article|E-commerce in China}}
Among emerging economies, China's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year. With 668 million Internet users as of 2014, China's online shopping sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015, accounting for 10% of total Chinese consumer retail sales in that period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Millward |first=Steven |date=18 August 2015 |title=China is making a huge shift to mobile |url=https://www.techinasia.com/china-internet-social-media-ecommerce-stats-2015 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203048/https://www.techinasia.com/china-internet-social-media-ecommerce-stats-2015 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=[[Tech in Asia]] |type=Infographic}}</ref> The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online.<ref>{{cite news |last=Olsen |first=Robert |date=18 January 2010 |title=China's Migration To E-Commerce |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/18/china-internet-commerce-markets-equities-alibaba.html/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806145344/https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/18/china-internet-commerce-markets-equities-alibaba.html |archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref> e-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9.6% of China's total international trade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tong |first=Frank |date=16 September 2013 |title=China's cross‑border e‑commerce tops $375 billion in 2012 |newspaper=[[Digital Commerce 360]] |publisher=[[Vertical Web Media LLC]] |url=https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2013/09/16/chinas-cross-border-e-commerce-tops-375-billion-2012/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018171240/https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2013/09/16/chinas-cross-border-e-commerce-tops-375-billion-2012/ |archive-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> In 2013, [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] had an e-commerce market share of 80% in China.<ref>{{cite web |author=Millward |first=Steven |date=17 September 2014 |title=Here are all the must-see numbers on Alibaba ahead of record-breaking IPO |url=http://www.techinasia.com/alibaba-numbers-ipo-breaks-records-2014/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920190816/http://www.techinasia.com/alibaba-numbers-ipo-breaks-records-2014/ |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=[[Tech in Asia]]}}</ref> In 2014, Alibaba still dominated the B2B marketplace in China with a market share of 44.82%, followed by several other companies including Made-in-China.com at 3.21%, and GlobalSources.com at 2.98%, with the total transaction value of China's B2B market exceeding 4.5 billion yuan.<ref>{{cite web |last=PYMNTS.com |date=22 October 2014 |title=China B2B Passes 4.5B Yuan |url=https://www.pymnts.com/news/2014/china-b2b-passes-4-5b-yuan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308085620/https://www.pymnts.com/news/2014/china-b2b-passes-4-5b-yuan/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=PYMNTS.com}}</ref>

China is also the largest e-commerce market in the world by value of sales, with an estimated {{USD|899 billion}} in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Millward |first=Steven |date=18 August 2016 |title=Asia's ecommerce spending to hit record $1 trillion this year – but most of that is China |url=https://www.techinasia.com/asia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819043228/https://www.techinasia.com/asia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=[[Tech in Asia]]}}</ref> It accounted for 42.4% of worldwide retail e-commerce in that year, the most of any country.<ref name="Hu-2023">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=110}} Research shows that Chinese consumer motivations are different enough from Western audiences to require unique e-commerce app designs instead of simply porting Western apps into the Chinese market.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Wenyu |first2=Lu |date=13 May 2019 |title=What influences Chinese fashion retail? Shopping motivations, demographics and spending |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JFMM-09-2017-0093/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |doi=10.1108/jfmm-09-2017-0093 |issn=1361-2026 |s2cid=170031856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110006/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JFMM-09-2017-0093/full/html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

The expansion of e-commerce in China has resulted in the development of [[Taobao village]]s, clusters of e-commerce businesses operating in rural areas.<ref name="Hu-2023" />{{Rp|page=112}} Because Taobao villages have increased the incomes or rural people and entrepreneurship in rural China, Taobao villages have become a component of rural revitalization strategies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Saidi |last2=Wang |first2=Puqing |last3=Zhou |first3=Deyi |chapter=Transformation and Development of Taobao Village in China Based on "Zhijiang Mode" |date=2021 |title=Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Seminar on Education Research and Social Science (ISERSS 2020) |location=Paris, France |publisher=Atlantis Press |doi=10.2991/assehr.k.210120.053|doi-access=free |isbn=978-94-6239-316-5 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=278}}

In 2015, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] promoted the Internet Plus initiative, a five-year plan to integrate traditional manufacturing and service industries with big data, cloud computing, and [[Internet of things]] technology.<ref name=":Zhang">{{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Angela Huyue |title=High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197682258}}</ref>{{Rp|page=44}} The State Council provided support for Internet Plus through policy support in area including cross-border e-commerce and rural e-commerce.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=44}}

In 2019, the city of [[Hangzhou]] established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based [[Hangzhou Internet Court|Internet Court]] to adjudicate disputes related to e-commerce and internet-related [[Intellectual property in China|intellectual property]] claims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Šimalčík |first=Matej |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=Rule by Law |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=124}}