Editing Dune (novel) (section)

===Middle-Eastern and Islamic references===
Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the [[Arabic language]], as well as the series' "[[Islamic]] [[Subtext|undertones]]" and themes, a [[Middle-Eastern]] influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly.<ref name="7 Beauties">{{Cite book |last=Csicsery-Ronay |first=Istvan Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVYxl5ued-oC&q=The%20seven%20beauties%20of%20science%20fiction%20by%20Istvan%20Csicsery-Ronay%2C%20Jr.%2C%20Istvan%20Csicsery-Ronay%20%28Jr.%29&pg=PA39 |title=The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction |date=November 28, 2008 |publisher=Wesleyan |isbn=978-0-8195-6889-2 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129181807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVYxl5ued-oC&q=The%20seven%20beauties%20of%20science%20fiction%20by%20Istvan%20Csicsery-Ronay%2C%20Jr.%2C%20Istvan%20Csicsery-Ronay%20%28Jr.%29&pg=PA39 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bahayeldin">{{cite web |url=http://baheyeldin.com/literature/arabic-and-islamic-themes-in-frank-herberts-dune.html |title=Arabic and Islamic themes in Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' |last=Bahayeldin |first=Khalid |date=January 22, 2004 |access-date=July 21, 2009 |publisher=Baheyeldin.com |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512020025/http://baheyeldin.com/literature/arabic-and-islamic-themes-in-frank-herberts-dune.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In his descriptions of the Fremen culture and language, Herbert uses both authentic Arabic words and Arabic-sounding words.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zaki|first=Hoda M.|title=Food for Our Grandmothers: Writings by Arab-American and Arab-Canadian Feminists|publisher=South End Press|year=1994|editor-last=Kadi|editor-first=Joanna|chapter=Orientalism in Science Fiction}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ryding|first=Karin|title=Language in Place: Stylistic Perspectives on Landscape, Place and Environment|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2021|editor-last=Virdis|editor-first=Daniela Francesca|chapter=The Arabic of Dune: Language and Landscape|editor-last2=Zurru|editor-first2=Elisabetta|editor-last3=Lahey|editor-first3=Ernestine}}</ref> For example, one of the names for the sandworm, Shai-hulud, is derived from {{Langx|ar|شيء خلود|lit=immortal thing|translit=šayʾ ḫulūd|label=none}} or {{Langx|ar|شيخ خلود|lit=old man of eternity|translit=šayḫ ḫulūd|label=none}}.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Kara|date=April 2, 2016|title=Epic World-Building: Names and Cultures in '''Dune''|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107560903|journal=Names: A Journal of Onomastics|volume=64|issue=2|pages=99–108|doi=10.1080/00277738.2016.1159450|s2cid=192897269|access-date=September 19, 2021|archive-date=August 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803020323/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107560903|url-status=live}}</ref> The title of the Fremen housekeeper, the Shadout Mapes, is borrowed from the {{Langx|ar|شادوف|translit=šādūf|label=none}}, the [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]] term for [[Shadoof|a device used to raise water]].<ref name=":0"/> In particular, words related to the messianic religion of the Fremen, first implanted by the Bene Gesserit, are taken from Arabic, including Muad'Dib (from {{Langx|ar|مؤدب|translit=muʾaddib|lit=educator|label=none}}), Lisan al-Gaib (from {{langx|ar|لسان الغيب|translit=lisān al-ġayb|lit=voice of the unseen|label=none}}), Usul (from {{Langx|ar|أصول|translit=ʾuṣūl|lit=fundamental principles|label=none}}), Shari-a (from {{Langx|ar|شريعة|translit=šarīʿa|lit=[[sharia]]; path|label=none}}), Shaitan (from {{Langx|ar|شيطان|translit=šayṭān|lit=[[Shaitan]]; devil; fiend|label=none}}), and jinn (from {{Langx|ar|جن|translit=ǧinn|lit=[[jinn]]; spirit; demon; mythical being|label=none}}).<ref name="7 Beauties"/> It is likely Herbert relied on second-hand resources such as phrasebooks and desert adventure stories to find these Arabic words and phrases for the Fremen.<ref name=":0"/> They are meaningful and carefully chosen, and help create an "imagined desert culture that resonates with exotic sounds, enigmas, and pseudo-Islamic references" and has a distinctly [[Bedouin]] aesthetic.<ref name=":0"/>

As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert-dwelling people and then leads them in a military capacity, Paul Atreides bears many similarities to the historical [[T. E. Lawrence]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=http://tim.oreilly.com/herbert/ch03.html|title=Frank Herbert|first=Tim|last=O'Reilly|chapter=Chapter 3: From Concept to Fable|access-date=December 27, 2019|via=oreilly.com|archive-date=July 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717022308/http://tim.oreilly.com/herbert/ch03.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His 1962 biopic ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' has also been identified as a potential influence.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Lawrence of Arabia'' Is the Unlikely Prequel to ''Star Wars'', ''Dune'', And All Your Favorite Fantasy Epics |url=https://decider.com/2015/12/03/lawrence-of-arabia-star-wars-dune-sci-fi/ |via=[[Decider.com]] |website=[[New York Post]] |access-date=June 14, 2019 |date=December 3, 2015 |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616084717/https://decider.com/2015/12/03/lawrence-of-arabia-star-wars-dune-sci-fi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Sabres of Paradise'' (1960) has also been identified as a potential influence upon ''Dune'', with its depiction of [[Imam Shamil]] and the Islamic culture of the [[Caucasus]] inspiring some of the themes, characters, events and terminology of ''Dune''.<ref name="LAR">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-secret-history-of-dune/#! |first=Will |last=Collins |title=The Secret History of ''Dune'' |date=September 16, 2017 |access-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-date=October 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021060026/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-secret-history-of-dune/#! |url-status=live }}</ref>

The environment of the desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the environments of the [[Middle East]]. Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a desertified [[petrostate]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Tom |last2=Glotfelty |first2=Cheryll |last3=Armbruster |first3=Karla |title=The Bioregional Imagination: Literature, Ecology, and Place |date=2012 |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |isbn=978-0-8203-4367-9 |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flt4Uea3oOcC&pg=PA230 |access-date=June 16, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308011122/https://books.google.com/books?id=flt4Uea3oOcC&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by the Bedouin tribes of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], and the [[Mahdi]] prophecy originates from [[Islamic eschatology]].<ref name="Kunzru">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/03/dune-50-years-on-science-fiction-novel-world|title=''Dune'', 50 years on: how a science fiction novel changed the world|last=Kunzru|first=Hari|date=July 3, 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 11, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211143820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/03/dune-50-years-on-science-fiction-novel-world|url-status=live}}</ref> Inspiration is also adopted from medieval historian [[Ibn Khaldun]]'s cyclical history and his [[Asabiyyah|dynastic concept]] in [[North Africa]], hinted at by Herbert's reference to Khaldun's book [[Kitab al-ibar|Kitāb al-ʿibar]] ("The Book of Lessons"). The fictionalized version of the "Kitab al-ibar" in ''Dune'' is a combination of a Fremen religious manual and a desert survival book.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hammond|first=Joseph|date=October 18, 2021|title=''Dune'' novels draw on Islamic motifs and have in turn inspired Muslim artists|language=en-US|work=Religion News Service|url=https://religionnews.com/2021/10/18/dune-novels-draw-on-islamic-motifs-and-have-in-turn-inspired-muslim-artists/|access-date=October 31, 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106001309/https://religionnews.com/2021/10/18/dune-novels-draw-on-islamic-motifs-and-have-in-turn-inspired-muslim-artists/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Determann|first=Jörg Matthias|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1_xDwAAQBAJ|title=Islam, science fiction and extraterrestrial life : the culture of astrobiology in the Muslim world|date=2021|isbn=978-0-7556-0130-1|location=London|pages=97|oclc=1197808773|access-date=November 20, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308011130/https://books.google.com/books?id=k1_xDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Additional language and historic influences ====
In addition to Arabic, ''Dune'' derives words and names from a variety of other languages, including [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Latin]], [[Old Scandinavian]] ("{{lang|non|Landsraad}}"),<ref>{{cite interview|url=http://members.lycos.co.uk/Fenrir/ctdinterviews.htm|title=Vertex Interviews Frank Herbert|interviewer=Paul Turner|date=October 1973|volume=1|issue=4|access-date=November 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519171219/http://members.lycos.co.uk/Fenrir/ctdinterviews.htm|archive-date=May 19, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ("[[Kefitzat haderech]]", {{langx|he|קפיצת הדרך|translit=contracting of the path|label=none}}), [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Nahuatl]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]] ("prana bindu", "prajna"), [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], and [[Old English]].<ref name="Dune Afterword Language">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Herbert |contributor-first=Brian |contributor-last=Herbert |contributor-link=Brian Herbert |title=[[Dune (novel)|Dune]] |contribution=Afterword by Brian Herbert |year=1965 |edition=[[Amazon Kindle]] |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |page=878 |isbn=978-1-101658-05-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tolk de Chakobsa Phrases in ''Dune''|url=https://fr.scribd.com/doc/260601365/Conlangs-Monthly-April-Edition|journal=Conlangs Monthly|page=31|first=Olivier|last=Simon|access-date=March 15, 2024|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053658/https://fr.scribd.com/doc/260601365/Conlangs-Monthly-April-Edition|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bene Gesserit'' is part of the Latin legal phrase {{lang|la|quamdiu se bene gesserit}} "as long as he shall behave himself well" seen in grants of certain offices (such as judgeships) meaning that the appointee shall remain in office so long as he shall not be guilty of abusing it. Some critics miss the connotation of the phrase, misled by the Latin future perfect {{lang|la|gesserit}}, taking it over-literally (and adding an unwarranted passive) to mean "it will have been well borne", an interpretation which is not well supported by the Bene Gesserit doctrine in the story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim O'Reilly - Frank Herbert: Chapter 3: From Concept to Fable - O'Reilly Media |url=https://www.oreilly.com/tim/herbert/ch03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528051139/https://www.oreilly.com/tim/herbert/ch03.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=oreilly.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=May 2024}}<!-- The source gives the translation cited in the text. The claim it is a mistranslation and the claimed phrase reference are not in the source and appear to be original research. -->

Through the inspiration from ''The Sabres of Paradise'', there are also allusions to the tsarist-era [[Russian nobility]] and [[Cossacks]].<ref name="LAR2">{{cite magazine|last=Collins|first=Will|date=September 16, 2017|title=The Secret History of ''Dune''|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-secret-history-of-dune/#!|magazine=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]|access-date=October 20, 2017|archive-date=October 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021060026/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-secret-history-of-dune/#!|url-status=live}}</ref> Frank Herbert stated that bureaucracy that lasted long enough would become a hereditary nobility, and a significant theme behind the [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] families in ''Dune'' was "aristocratic bureaucracy" which he saw as analogous to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim O'Reilly - Frank Herbert: Chapter 5: Rogue Gods - O'Reilly Media |url=https://www.oreilly.com/tim/herbert/ch05.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074914/https://www.oreilly.com/tim/herbert/ch05.html |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=oreilly.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5IfgBX1EW00 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170210174612/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IfgBX1EW00&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|last=Herbert|first=Frank|date=1985-04-17|title=Frank Herbert speaking at UCLA 4/17/1985|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IfgBX1EW00|website=YouTube|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles Comm Studies}}{{cbignore}}</ref>