Editing Douglas MacArthur (section)

==World War I==

===Rainbow Division===
[[File:Douglas MacArthur, Army photo portrait seated, France 1918.JPEG|thumb|upright|left|Brigadier General MacArthur holding a [[riding crop]] at a French château, September 1918|alt=A man sits in an ornate chair. He is wearing a peaked cap, greatcoat and riding boots and holding a riding crop.]]

MacArthur returned to the War Department, where he was promoted to [[Major (United States)|major]] on 11 December 1915. In June 1916, he was assigned as head of the Bureau of Information at the office of the Secretary of War, [[Newton D. Baker]]. MacArthur has since been regarded as the Army's first press officer.{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=90}}

Following the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declaration of war on Germany on 6 April 1917]] and the subsequent [[American entry into World War I]], Baker and MacArthur secured an agreement from President Wilson for the use of the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] on the Western Front. MacArthur suggested sending first a division organized from units of different states, so as to avoid the appearance of favoritism toward any particular state. Baker approved the creation of this formation, which became the [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd ("Rainbow") Division]] and appointed Major General [[William Abram Mann]], the head of the [[National Guard Bureau]], as its commander; MacArthur was its chief of staff, and with his new role came the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], skipping the rank of lieutenant colonel.{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=91}} At MacArthur's request, this commission was in the infantry rather than the engineers.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=130–135}}{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=79}}

{{Blockquote|From its formation at [[Camp Mills]], [[Long Island]] in August 1917, MacArthur was the division's key sparkplug, prime motivator, and individual most responsible for its creation. Competent, efficient, innovative, highly intelligent, and tirelessly energetic, as division chief of staff MacArthur appeared everywhere, at all hours – badgering, cajoling, inspiring, intervening, and attending to every detail, large and small.{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|pp=91–92}}}}

The 42nd Division's initial training emphasized open-field combat rather than [[trench warfare]]. It sailed in a convoy from [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], for the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] on 18 October 1917. On 19 December the 42nd's commander, the 63-year-old Mann, was replaced by 55-year-old Major General [[Charles T. Menoher]], after Mann–who was "ill, old, and bedridden"–{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=84}} failed a physical examination.{{sfn|James|1970|p=148}}{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=95}} The new division commander and his chief of staff "became great friends", in MacArthur's words, who further described Menoher as "an able officer, an efficient administrator, of genial disposition and unimpeachable character".{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=54}}

===Lunéville-Baccarat Defensive sector===
[[File:111-SC-8347 - NARA - 55177212 - General Bazelaire presenting decorations, Croismare, France, March 18, 1918 - Col Douglas MacArthur, Col Mathew Tinley (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|French General de Bazelaire decorating Colonel Douglas MacArthur with the ''Croix de Guerre'', 18 March 1918]]

The 42nd Division entered the line in the quiet [[Lunéville]] sector in February 1918. On 26 February, MacArthur and Captain [[Thomas T. Handy]] accompanied a French [[Trench raiding|trench raid]] in which MacArthur assisted in the capture of a number of German prisoners. The commander of the [[7e corps d'armée (France)|French VII Corps]], Major General [[Georges de Bazelaire]], decorated MacArthur with the ''[[Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]]''. This was the first ever ''Croix de Guerre'' awarded to a member of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4povVJ-jkCoC&pg=PA400 |title=The First World War, Second Edition: A Complete History |date= March 2004|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8050-7617-2 |language=en}}</ref> Menoher recommended MacArthur for a Silver Star, which he later received.{{sfn|James|1970|p=157}} The [[Silver Star Medal]] was not instituted until 8 August 1932, but small [[Silver Citation Star]]s were authorized to be worn on the campaign ribbons of those cited in orders for gallantry, similar to the British [[Mentioned in dispatches|mention in despatches]].{{sfn|Farwell|1999|p=296}} When the Silver Star Medal was instituted, it was retroactively awarded to those who had been awarded Silver Citation Stars.{{sfn|Frank|2007|p=7}} On 9 March, the 42nd Division launched three raids of its own on German trenches in the Salient du Feys. MacArthur accompanied a company of the [[168th Infantry Regiment (United States)|168th Infantry]]. This time, his leadership was rewarded with the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (DSC). A few days later, MacArthur, who was strict about his men carrying their [[WWI gas mask|gas mask]]s but often neglected to bring his own, was gassed. He recovered in time to show Secretary Baker around the area on 19 March.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=159–160}}

===Champagne-Marne offensive===
[[File:111-SC-18909 - NARA - 55197845 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Brigadier General MacArthur in the center in his unauthorized WWI uniform. He never wore a helmet, even in [[no man's land]], and he would always wear that modified hat. His uniform was completely different from his four subordinates in the photo.<ref>{{cite serial |last= Hoyt |first= Austin  |title= MacArthur |publisher= WGBH Educational Foundation |medium= Television documentary |first2= Sarah |last2=Holt |series= [[American Experience|The American Experience]] |network= [[PBS]] |url= http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html |access-date= 8 September 2021 |archive-date= 8 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210908083850/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last= Turner |first= Alex C. |date= September 2018 |title= Douglas MacArthur: Strategic Influences and Military Theories |publisher= [[Naval Postgraduate School]] |url= https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1065554.pdf |page= 24 |access-date= 8 September 2021 |archive-date= 8 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210908083848/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1065554.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>]]

Upon the recommendation of Menoher, MacArthur was awarded his first "star" when he was promoted to brigadier general on 26 June.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=92}} At the age of just thirty-eight, this made him, at the time, the youngest general in the AEF. This would remain the case until October when two other men, [[Lesley J. McNair]] and [[Pelham D. Glassford]], both being thirty-five, also received promotion to brigadier generals.{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=94}}{{sfn|James|1970|p=172}}

Around the same time, the 42nd Division was shifted to [[Châlons-en-Champagne]] to oppose the impending German [[Second Battle of the Marne|Champagne-Marne offensive]]. ''[[Général d'Armée]]'' [[Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)|Henri Gouraud]] of the [[Fourth Army (France)|French Fourth Army]] elected to meet the attack with a [[defense in depth]], holding the front-line area as thinly as possible and meeting the German attack on his second line of defense. His plan succeeded, and MacArthur was awarded a second Silver Star.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=57–58}} The 42nd Division participated in the subsequent Allied counter-offensive, and MacArthur was awarded a third Silver Star on 29 July.{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=97}}

Two days later, Menoher relieved the fifty-eight-year-old Brigadier General Robert A. Brown of the 84th Infantry Brigade (which consisted of the [[167th Infantry Regiment (United States)|167th]] and [[168th Infantry Regiment (United States)|168th Infantry Regiment]]s and the 151st Machine Gun Battalion) of his command and replaced him with MacArthur.{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=97}} Hearing reports that the enemy had withdrawn, MacArthur went forward on 2 August to see for himself.{{sfn|James|1970|p=187}} He later wrote:
{{blockquote|It was 3:30 that morning when I started from our right at Sergy. Taking runners from each outpost liaison group to the next, moving by way of what had been No Man's Land, I will never forget that trip. The dead were so thick in spots we tumbled over them. There must have been at least 2,000 of those sprawled bodies. I identified the insignia of six of the best German divisions. The stench was suffocating. Not a tree was standing. The moans and cries of wounded men sounded everywhere. Sniper bullets sung like the buzzing of a hive of angry bees. An occasional shellburst always drew an angry oath from my guide. I counted almost a hundred disabled guns various size and several times that number of abandoned machine guns.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=60}}}}

MacArthur reported back to Menoher and Major General [[Hunter Liggett]], the commander of [[I Corps (United States)|I Corps]] (under whose command the 42nd Division fell), that the Germans had indeed withdrawn, and was awarded a fourth Silver Star.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=61}} He was also awarded a second ''Croix de guerre'' and made a ''commandeur'' of the ''[[Légion d'honneur]]''.{{sfn|James|1970|p=193}} MacArthur's leadership during the Champagne-Marne offensive and counter-offensive campaigns was noted by General Gouraud when he said MacArthur was "one of the finest and bravest officers I have ever served with."<ref>{{cite web |last= Sempa |first= Francis P. |date= 8 August 2016 |title= The Return of Douglas MacArthur |publisher= [[Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal]] |url= https://kirkcenter.org/essays/the-return-of-douglas-macarthur/ |access-date= 3 September 2021 |archive-date= 3 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210903060436/https://kirkcenter.org/essays/the-return-of-douglas-macarthur/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensive===
The 42nd Division earned a few weeks rest,{{sfn|James|1970|pp=196–197}} returning to the line for the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] on 12 September 1918. The Allied advance proceeded rapidly, and MacArthur was awarded a fifth Silver Star for his leadership of the 84th Infantry Brigade.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=203–204}} In his later life he recalled:

{{Blockquote|In Essey I saw a sight I shall never quite forget. Our advance been so rapid the Germans had evacuated in a panic. There was a German officer's horse saddled and equipped standing in a barn, a battery of guns complete in every detail, and the entire administration and music of a regimental band.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=63}}}}

He received a sixth Silver Star for his participation in a raid on the night of 25–26 September. The 42nd Division was relieved on the night of 30 September and moved to the [[Forest of Argonne|Argonne]] sector where it relieved the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]] on the night of 11 October. On a reconnaissance the next day, MacArthur was gassed again, earning a second [[Wound Chevron]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=213–217}}

[[File:111-SC-23728 - NARA - 55207066 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|General [[John J. Pershing|Pershing]] (second from left) decorates Brigadier General MacArthur (third from left) with the DSC, October 1918. Major General [[Charles T. Menoher]] (left) reads out the citation while Colonel [[George E. Leach]] (fourth from left) and Lieutenant Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] await their decorations.|alt=Three men in uniform are standing side by side. The one on the left is wearing a peaked "crush cap" and standing smartly at attention, while the two on the right wear garrison caps and are slouching. A man in a peaked cap and Sam Browne belt is pinning something on the chest of the first man. Behind him stands another man in a garrison cap who is reading a document in his hands.]]

The 42nd Division's participation in the [[Meuse–Argonne offensive]] began on 14 October when it attacked with both brigades. That evening, a conference was called to discuss the attack, during which Major General [[Charles Pelot Summerall|Charles P. Summerall]], commander of [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]], telephoned and demanded that [[Châtillon-sous-les-Côtes|Châtillon]] be taken by 18:00 the next evening. An aerial photograph had been obtained that showed a gap in the German barbed wire to the northeast of Châtillon. Lieutenant Colonel Walter E. Bare—the commander of the [[167th Infantry Regiment (United States)|167th Infantry]]—proposed an attack from that direction, covered by a machine-gun barrage. MacArthur adopted this plan.{{sfn|Ferrell|2008|pp=47–50}} He was wounded, but not severely, while leading a reconnaissance patrol into no man's land at night to confirm the existence of the gap in the barbed wire.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=66}} As he mentioned to William Addleman Ganoe a few years later, the Germans saw them and shot at MacArthur and the squad with artillery and machine guns. MacArthur was the sole survivor of the patrol, claiming it was a miracle that he survived. He confirmed that there was indeed an enormous, exposed gap in that area due to the lack of enemy gunfire coming from that area.{{sfn|Ganoe|1962|pp=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Douglas_MacArthur/GANMAC/19*.html 143–144]}}

[[File:111-SC-39269 - NARA - 55237654 (cropped).png|thumb|left|Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur, commanding the 84th Brigade, 42nd Division, standing in front of his staff car, [[Saint-Juvin]], [[Ardennes (department)|Ardennes]], France, 3 November 1918]]

Summerall nominated MacArthur for the Medal of Honor and promotion to major general, but he received neither.{{sfn|James|1970|p=223}} Instead, he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=67}} The 42nd Division returned to the line for the last time on the night of 4–5 November 1918.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=227–228}} In the final advance on [[Sedan, Ardennes|Sedan]]. MacArthur later wrote that this operation "narrowly missed being one of the great tragedies of American history".{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=68}} An order to disregard unit boundaries led to units crossing into each other's zones. In the resulting chaos, MacArthur was taken prisoner by men of the 1st Division, who mistook him for a German general.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=232–233}} This would be soon resolved by the removal of his hat and long scarf that he wore.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=494}} His performance in the attack on the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] heights led to his being awarded a seventh Silver Star. On 10 November, a day before the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice with Germany]] that ended the fighting, MacArthur was appointed commander of the 42nd Division, upon the recommendation of its outgoing commander, Menoher, who had left to take over the newly activated [[VI Corps (United States)|VI Corps]].{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=108}}{{sfn|Herman|2016|p=144}} For his service as the 42nd's chief of staff and commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade, he was later awarded the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=239–240}}

His period in command of the 42nd Division was brief, for on 22 November he, like other brigadier generals, was replaced and returned to the 84th Infantry Brigade, with Major General [[Clement Flagler]], his former battalion commander from Fort Leavenworth days before the war, instead taking command. It is possible that he may have retained command of the 42nd had he been promoted to major general (making him the youngest in the U.S. Army) but, with the sudden cessation of hostilities, that was unlikely. General [[Peyton C. March]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]] (and close friend of Arthur MacArthur), "had put a block on promotions. There would be no more stars awarded while the War Department got to grips with demobilization. MacArthur returned to commanding the 84th Brigade".{{sfn|Perret|1996|p=112}}{{sfn|Herman|2016|p=152}}

The 42nd Division was chosen to participate in the [[occupation of the Rhineland]], occupying the [[Ahrweiler (district)|Ahrweiler district]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=241–245}} In April 1919, the 42nd Division entrained for [[Brest, France|Brest]] and [[Saint-Nazaire]], where they boarded ships to return to the United States. MacArthur traveled on the ocean liner {{SS|Leviathan||6}}, which reached New York on 25 April 1919.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=256–259}}{{sfn|Perret|1996|pp=113–114}}