Editing Dorking (section)

==History and development==
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===Pre-history===
The earliest evidence of human activity in Dorking comes from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods and includes [[stone tool|flint tools]] and [[flake tool|flakes]] found during construction development in South Street.<ref name=SouthSt1>{{cite web |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/land-at-rear-of-72-82-south-street-dorking |title=Land at rear of 72–82 South Street, Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2010 |publisher=Surrey Archaeological Society |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101919/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/land-at-rear-of-72-82-south-street-dorking |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SouthSt2>{{cite web |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/land-at-rear-of-72-82-south-street-dorking-0 |title=Land at rear of 72–82 South Street, Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2012 |publisher=Surrey Archaeological Society |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101919/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/land-at-rear-of-72-82-south-street-dorking-0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=HER_Waitrose>{{cite web |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/waitrose-south-street-dorking |title=Waitrose, South Street, Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2014 |publisher=Surrey Archaeological Society |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101920/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/waitrose-south-street-dorking |url-status=live}}</ref> During the rebuilding of the [[Waitrose]] supermarket in South Street in 2013, charred [[hazelnut]] shells, [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to between 8625 and 8465 [[Common Era|BCE]], were discovered.<ref name=RingDitch>{{cite web |url=https://www.surreycc.gov.uk/culture-and-leisure/archaeology/archaeological-unit/spoilheap-publications/bronze-age-ring-ditch |title=A Bronze Age ring-ditch discovered at Waitrose site, Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2016 |publisher=Surrey County Council |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101920/https://www.surreycc.gov.uk/culture-and-leisure/archaeology/archaeological-unit/spoilheap-publications/bronze-age-ring-ditch |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[ring ditch]] containing two ceramic [[Urn#Cremation urns|urns]], was also found.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/1028768-2/ |title=An Exciting Excavation in South Street, Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2016 |publisher=Exploring Surrey's Past |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716005444/http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/1028768-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other ditches identified during the same excavation may indicate the presence of a [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]] [[field system]], although the date of these later earthworks is less certain.<ref name=RingDitch/> Bowl barrows from the same period have been found at the Glory Wood (to the south of the town centre),<ref name=NHLE_Glory_Wood_bowl_barrow/> on Milton Heath (to the west)<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1007882 |desc=Bowl barrow on Milton Heath|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> and on Box Hill (to the northeast).<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1007888|desc=Bowl barrow on Box Hill, 250m north-west of Boxhurst|fewer-links=yes}}</ref><ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1007889|desc=Bowl barrow on Box Hill, 230m west of Upper Farm Bungalow|fewer-links=yes}}</ref>{{refn|No evidence of [[Iron Age]] settlement activity has been found in the town centre, however the nearby [[Hillforts in Britain#Iron Age hillforts|hillforts]] at Anstiebury (Leith Hill)<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1007891|desc=Anstiebury Camp: a large multivallate hillfort south-east of Crockers Farm|fewer-links=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayman |first=H |year=2008 |title=Archaeological excavations at Anstiebury Camp hillfort, Coldharbour, in 1989 and 1991 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_94/surreyac094_191-207_hayman.pdf |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |volume=94 |pages=191–207 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101922/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_94%2Fsurreyac094_191-207_hayman.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Holmbury Hill]]<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1013183|desc=Holmbury Camp: a small multivallate hillfort north of Three Mile Road|fewer-links=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/5564840 |title=Holmbury Hillfort: An archaeological survey |last1=Hooker |first1=R |last2=English |first2=J |date=2008 |publisher=Surrey Archaeological Society |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101933/https://www.academia.edu/5564840/Archaeological_survey_of_Holmbury_Hillfort_Surrey |url-status=live}}</ref> date from the first century BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thomas |first=MS |year=2010 |title=A re-contextualisation of the prehistoric pottery from the Surrey hillforts of Hascombe, Holmbury and Anstiebury |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_95/surreyac095_001-033_seager-thomas.pdf |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |volume=95 |pages=1–33 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101938/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_95%2Fsurreyac095_001-033_seager-thomas.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Traces of an Iron Age field system and settlement activity have been observed on [[Mickleham, Surrey#Mickleham Downs|Mickleham Downs]] (about {{cvt|2|mi|km|0}} northeast of Dorking).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/having-a-field-day-with-lidar-in-the-surrey-her/ |title=Having a field day with Lidar in the Surrey HER |last=Salkeld |first=E |date=28 February 2020 |publisher=Exploring Surrey's Past |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024120937/https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/having-a-field-day-with-lidar-in-the-surrey-her/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hogg |first=I |year=2019 |title=Activity within the prehistoric landscape of the Surrey chalk downland, Cherkley Court, Leatherhead |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |volume=102 |pages=103–129}}</ref>|group=note}}

===Roman and Saxon===
There is thought to have been a settlement at Dorking in Roman times, although its size and extent are unclear. [[Roman currency|Coins]] from the reigns of [[Hadrian]] (117–138 AD), [[Commodus]] (180–192) and [[Claudius Gothicus]] (214–270), as well as tiles and pottery fragments, have been found in the town.<ref name=Robertson_2004/> [[Stane Street (Chichester)|Stane Street]], the [[Roman roads in Britannia|Roman road]] linking London to [[Chichester]], was constructed during the first century AD<ref name=Margary_1948_p46>{{harvnb|Margary|1948|p=46}}</ref> and is thought to have run through Dorking.<ref name=Robertson_2004/> The exact course through the town is not known and no definitive archaeological evidence has been discovered for the route in the {{cvt|3|mi|km|0|adj=on}} gap between the crossing of the River Mole at the Burford Bridge and [[North Holmwood]].<ref name=Robertson_2004/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hall |first=A |year=2006 |title=Searching for Stane Street |journal=Surrey Archaeological Society Bulletin |volume=395 |pages=2–4 |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/SAS395.pdf |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102002/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/SAS395.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[mansio|posting station]] is thought to have been located in the area and sites have been proposed in the town centre,<ref name=Margary_1948_p67>{{harvnb|Margary|1948|p=67}}</ref> at [[Pixham]]<ref name=Robertson_2004/> and at the Burford Bridge, where the road crossed the River Mole.<ref name=Robertson_2004/><ref name=Neale>{{cite journal |author=Neale K |year=1973 |title=Stane Street (Chichester-London): the third mansio |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |publisher=Surrey Archaeological Society |volume=69 |pages=207–210 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_69/surreyac069_207-218_notes.pdf |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101949/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_69%2Fsurreyac069_207-218_notes.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the name Dorking implies a settlement that was well established by the time of the [[Norman Conquest]], archaeological evidence of Saxon activity in the town centre is limited to pottery [[sherds]].<ref name=SouthSt1/><ref name=SouthSt2/><ref name=HER_Waitrose/> Probable Saxon [[cemetery|cemeteries]] have been found close to Yew Tree Road (to the north of the centre)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/ten-acre-field-yew-tree-road-dorking |title=Ten Acre Field, Yew Tree Road, Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2003 |publisher=Surrey Archaeological Society |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101944/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/content/ten-acre-field-yew-tree-road-dorking |url-status=live}}</ref> and at Vincent Lane (to the west).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://planningapi.agileapplications.co.uk//api/application/document/MOLE/LCT6Q3M5ETYRDWXW53X3MZVXKX |title=Archaeological Assessment on Vincent Works |last=Perry |first=JG |date=July 2009 |publisher=Mole Valley District Council |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240606213448/https://planningapi.agileapplications.co.uk//api/application/document/MOLE/LCT6Q3M5ETYRDWXW53X3MZVXKX |archive-date= 6 June 2024 }}</ref> In 1817, the so-called "Dorking Hoard" of around 700 [[Penny#England|silver pennies]], dating from the mid-8th to the late-9th centuries, was found near the source of the Pipp Brook on the northern slopes of Leith Hill.<ref name=Combe_1818>{{cite journal |last1=Combe |first1=Taylor |author-link=Taylor Combe |year=1818 |title=An account of some Anglo-Saxon pennies found at Dorking, in Surrey |journal=Archaeologia |volume=19 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900022852}}</ref><ref name=Horne_2016_p34>{{harvnb|Horne|2016|p=34}}</ref>{{refn|The [[hoard]] was discovered by a [[plough]]man working at Winterfold Hanger. The [[Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England|coins]] were contained in a fragile wooden box, buried {{cvt|25|-|30|cm|in|0}} beneath the ground. The find included pennies from the reigns of [[Æthelwulf, King of Wessex|Æthelwulf of Wessex]] (839–858), [[Æthelberht, King of Wessex|Æthelberht of Wessex]] (860–866), [[Beornwulf of Mercia]] (823–826), [[Burgred of Mercia]] (852–874) and several other monarchs. Around a third of the coins were donated to the [[British Museum Department of Coins and Medals|British Museum]].<ref name=Combe_1818/><ref name=Horne_2016_p34/>|group=note}} In the late Saxon period, the manor and parish were administered as part of the [[Wotton Hundred]]<ref name=Horne_2016_p57>{{harvnb|Horne|2016|p=57}}</ref> and may have been part of a large royal estate centred on [[Leatherhead]].<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp11-13/>

===Governance===
Dorking appears in [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 as the Manor of ''Dorchinges''. It was held by [[William the Conqueror]], who had assumed the lordship in 1075 on the death of [[Edith of Wessex]], widow of [[Edward the Confessor]]. The settlement included one church, three [[Mill (grinding)|mills]] worth 15s 4d, 16 [[plough]]s, [[woodland]] and herbage for 88 [[Domestic pig|hogs]] and {{cvt|3|acre|ha|1}} of [[meadow]]. It [[feudalism|rendered]] £18 per year in 1086. The residents included 38 villagers, 14 smallholders and 4 [[villein]]s, which placed it in the top 20% of settlements in England by population.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp11-13/><ref name=Dorking_Domesday>{{cite web |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ1649/dorking/ |title=Dorking |author=Powell-Smith A |year=2011 |publisher=Open Domesday |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101918/https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ1649/dorking/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In around 1087, [[William II of England|William II]] granted the manor of Dorking to [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|Willam de Warenne]], the first [[Earl of Surrey]], whose descendants have held the [[Lord of the manor|lordship]] almost continuously until the present day.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp11-13/> By the early 14th century, the manor had been divided for administrative purposes into four [[tithing]]s: Eastburgh and Chippingburgh (corresponding respectively to the eastern and western halves of the modern town); Foreignburgh (the area covered by the Holmwoods) and Waldburgh (which would later be renamed [[Capel, Surrey|Capel]]).<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp15-16/> On the death of the seventh Earl, [[John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]], in 1347, the manor passed to his [[sibling-in-law|brother-in-law]], [[Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel|Richard Fitzalan]], the third [[Earl of Arundel]]. In 1580 both Earldoms passed through the female line to [[Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel|Phillip Howard]], whose father, [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk|Thomas Howard]], had forfeited the title of [[Duke of Norfolk]] and had been executed for his involvement in the [[Ridolfi plot|Ridolfi plot to assassinate Elizabeth I]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Norfolk, Earls and Dukes of|volume=19|page=744}}</ref> The dukedom [[Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk|was restored to the family]] in 1660, following the accession of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]].<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Arundel, Earls of|volume=2|pages=706–709}}</ref>

[[File:Deepdene (1850) adjusted.jpg|thumb|right|An engraving of Deepdene House (1842) by the illustrator [[Thomas Allom]] (1804–1872)]]
As the status of the de Warennes and their descendants increased, they became less interested in the town. In the 14th and 15th centuries, prominent local families (including the Sondes and the Goodwyns) were able to buy the leases on some of the lordship lands.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_p21>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=21}}</ref><ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp23-24>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=23–24}}</ref> One such area was the Deepdene, first mentioned in a [[manorial roll|court roll]] of 1399. This woodland was held by several tenants, before being inherited in 1652 by Charles Howard, the fourth son of the [[Henry Howard, 15th Earl of Arundel|15th Earl of Arundel]], in whose family it remained until 1790. The estate was expanded by successive owners, including the Anglo-Dutch banker [[Thomas Hope (banker, born 1769)|Thomas Hope]] and his eldest son [[Henry Thomas Hope]], who commissioned [[William Atkinson (architect)|William Atkinson]] to remodel the main house as a "sumptuous High Renaissance palazzo".<ref name=Mercer_Deepdene>{{cite journal |last=Mercer |first=D |year=1977 |title=The Deepdene, Dorking – Rise and Decline Through Six Centuries |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_71/surreyac071_111-138_mercer.pdf |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |volume=71 |pages=111–138 |doi=10.5284/1069034 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102017/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_71%2Fsurreyac071_111-138_mercer.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Similarly, in 1448 Sir [[Thomas Browne (died 1460)|Thomas Browne, Sheriff of Kent]], purchased the manor of West Betchworth, which included [[Betchworth Castle]]. Browne converted the castle into a fortified house, in which his family and [[Browne baronets#Browne baronets, of Betchworth Castle (1627)|their descendants]] lived until the 1830s, when it was bought by Henry Thomas Hope and added to the Deepdene estate.<ref name=Malden_1911_pp141-150/> Hope dismantled much of the castle (which was in a poor state of repair) leaving the ruins visible today.<ref name=Mercer_Deepdene/> The remains are protected by a Grade II listing.<ref name=Betchworth_Castle_NHLE>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1378073|desc=Ruins of Betchworth Castle|fewer-links=yes}}</ref>|group=note}}

Unlike the neighbouring towns of Guildford and [[Reigate]], Dorking was never granted a [[Ancient borough#Town and manor|Borough Charter]] and remained under the control of the Lord of the Manor throughout the Middle Ages.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp15-16/> [[Tudor period#Local government|Reforms during the Tudor period]] reduced the importance of [[manorial court]]s and the day-to-day administration of towns such as Dorking became the responsibility of the [[vestry]] of the parish church.<ref name=Kümin_1996_pp250-255>{{harvnb|Kümin|1996|pp=250–255}}</ref><ref name=Ettinger_1991_p25>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=25}}</ref> There was little change in local government structure over the subsequent three centuries, until the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834]] transferred responsibility for [[poor relief]] to the [[Poor Law Commission]], whose local powers were delegated to the newly formed [[poor law union]] in 1836.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp58-60>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=58–60}}</ref>{{refn|The Dorking Union was responsible in for poor relief in the parish of Dorking (which included Holmwood, Westcott and Coldharbour) and also the parishes of Abinger, Capel, Effingham, Mickleham, Newdigate, Ockley and Wootton.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp58-60/>|group=note}} In 1841, the Dorking Union constructed a new [[workhouse]], south of the town centre, designed by William Shearburn. The entrance block still stands and is now part of Dorking Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Dorking/ |title=Dorking, Surrey |last=Higginbotham |first=Peter |year=2020 |publisher=The Workhouse: Story of an institution |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102000/http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Dorking/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[local board of health]] (LBH) was established in Dorking in 1881 to administer [[hard infrastructure|infrastructure]] including roads, street lighting and drainage. The LBH organised the first regular domestic [[waste collection|refuse collection]] and, by mid-1888, had created a new [[sewerage|sewerage system]] (including a [[sewage treatment|treatment works]] at Pixham).<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp81-82>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=81–82}}</ref><ref name=Malden_1911_pp141-150>{{harvnb|Malden|1911|pp=141–150}}</ref> The [[Local Government Act 1888]] transferred many administrative responsibilities to the newly formed [[Surrey County Council]] and was followed by an [[Local Government Act 1894|1894 Act]] that created the Dorking Urban District Council (UDC).<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp81-82/><ref name=Malden_1911_pp141-150/> Initially the offices of the UDC were in South Street,<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp81-82/> but in 1931 the Council moved to Pippbrook House, a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] country house to the north east of the town centre, designed as a private residence by [[George Gilbert Scott]] in 1856.<ref name=Pippbrook_NHLE>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1028875|desc=Pippbrook House|fewer-links=yes}}</ref><ref name=Raine_Pippbrook>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/pippbrook-house-2/ |title=Pippbrook House |last1=Raine |first1=Doreen |last2=Docking |first2=Jim |year=2015 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101954/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/pippbrook-house-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Pippbrook House is a Grade II*-listed building.<ref name=Pippbrook_NHLE/>|group=note}}

The [[Local Government Act 1972]] created [[Mole Valley|Mole Valley District Council]] (MVDC), by combining the UDCs of Dorking and Leatherhead with the majority of the Dorking and Horley Rural District. In 1984, the new council moved into purpose-built offices, designed by Michael Innes, at the east end of the town.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p103>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=103}}</ref>

===Transport and communications===
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|caption=Extract from ''Twenty Four Miles Round London'' (1820) by William Mogg showing the turnpike road running through Dorking
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Following the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]], there appears to have been no systematic planning of transport infrastructure in the local area for over a [[millennium]]. During Saxon times, the section of Stane Street between Dorking and [[Ockley]] was bypassed by the longer route via [[Coldharbour, Surrey|Coldharbour]] and the upper surface of the Roman road was most likely quarried to provide stone for local building projects.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp37-38>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=37–38}}</ref> Two routes linked the town to London, the first via the Mole crossing at Burford Bridge to Leatherhead{{refn|In the late 17th century the Burford Bridge was a [[footbridge]] and wheeled traffic was required to cross the Mole via the adjacent [[ford (crossing)|ford]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bouchard |first1=Brian E |year=2019 |title=The route of Stane Street through Ashtead: a missing link |url=https://leatherheadhistoryarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/VOL_8_NO_1_1-09.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Leatherhead & District Local History Society |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>|group=note}} and the second, the "Winter Road", climbed the south-facing scarp slope of Box Hill from Boxhurst and ran northeastwards to meet the London-Brighton road at [[Tadworth]].<ref name=Overell_1991_pp37-38/>{{refn|Much of this "Winter Road" route is now Box Hill Road and the B2032.|group=note}}

The development of Guildford ({{cvt|12|mi|km}} to the west) was stimulated by the construction of the [[Wey and Godalming Navigations|Wey Navigation]] in the 1650s.<ref>{{cite web <!-- Citation bot bypass--> |url= http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-327-1/dissemination/html/weymain.html |first=Christopher K |last=Currie |title=A Historical and Archaeological Assessment of the Wey and Godalming Navigations and their Visual Envelopes |publisher=The National Trust |date=September 1996 |doi=10.5284/1006440 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101957/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-327-1%2Fdissemination%2Fhtml%2Fweymain.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, although several schemes were proposed to make the Mole navigable, none were enacted<ref name=Vine_1986>{{harvnb|Vine|1986|pp=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/law-bogart.pdf |title=Political Institutions and the Emergence of Regulatory Commitment in England: Evidence from Road and River Improvement Authorities, 1600–1750 |author=Bogart D |date=August 2007 |publisher=International Institute of Social History |access-date=7 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608072734/http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/law-bogart.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and transport links to Dorking remained poor. As a result, the local economy began to suffer and the town declined through the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp37-38/>

The [[turnpike trust|turnpike road]] through Dorking was authorised by the [[Sussex and Surrey Roads Act 1755]] ([[28 Geo. 2]] c. 45).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/the-turnpike-road/ |title=The Turnpike Road |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=4 June 2020 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101951/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/the-turnpike-road/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|The route of the road across Holmwood Common was later altered and other improvements were made under the [[Horsham and Dorking Turnpike Road Act 1858]] ([[21 & 22 Vict.]] c. xlix). Turnpikes south from Horsham to [[Steyning]] and [[Worthing]] were constructed in 1764 and 1802 respectively.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp39-40>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=39–40}}</ref>|group=note}}{{refn|[[Tollhouse]]s were provided at "Giles Green" (close to the intersection of the [[A24 road (England)|A24]] and the [[North Downs Way]]) and at the "Harrow Gate" (close to the junction of the A2003 and Hampstead Road). In 1857, the "Harrow Gate" tollhouse was moved further south to Flint Hill. Its approximate position is the present-day junction between Tollgate Road and the A2003.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp39-40/>|group=note}} The new turnpike dramatically improved the accessibility of the town from the capital and a report from 1765 noted both that the Thursday grain market had increased in size and that the local flour mills were significantly busier.<ref>{{harvnb|Pawson|1977|pp=329–330}}</ref> A [[mail coach]] operated return journeys between Dorking and London six days per week and several [[stagecoach]]es used the route daily until the mid-19th century.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp47-48>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=47–48}}</ref> In contrast, the east{{endash}}west Reigate{{endash}}Guildford road remained the responsibility of the parishes through which it ran and only minimal improvements were made before the start of the 20th century.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp39-40/>

[[File:Deepdene railway station geograph-2673321-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|Dorking Deepdene railway station (then known simply as "Deepdene"), photographed in June 1964]]
The [[North Downs Line|first railway line]] to reach Dorking was the [[South Eastern Railway (England)#Reading, Guildford and Reigate Railway|Reading, Guildford and Reigate Railway (RG&RR)]], authorised by Acts of Parliament in 1846, 1847 and 1849.<ref name=Course_1987_p-xxiv>{{harvnb|Course|1987|p=xxiv}}</ref> Dorking station (now {{stnlink|Dorking West}}) was opened in 1849 northwest of the town, initially as a temporary terminus for trains from {{rws|Reigate}}.<ref name=Course_1987_p-xlviii>{{harvnb|Course|1987|p=xlviii}}</ref> Local residents had expressed a preference for the station to be sited closer to the town centre at Meadowbank, but since the line passed through a deep cutting at this point it was deemed impractical to provide the necessary freight facilities at this location.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_11>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|p=11}}</ref> Two years later a second station, now known as {{rws|Dorking Deepdene}}, was opened on the same line.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_17>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|p=17}}</ref>{{refn|Dorking Deepdene station was originally named "Box Hill and Leatherhead Road".<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_17/>|group=note}}

The [[Sutton and Mole Valley lines|second railway line]] to serve the town was authorised by Acts of Parliament in 1862 and 1864<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_27-28>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|pp=27–28}}</ref> and was opened by the [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]] in 1867.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_33-34>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|pp=33–34}}</ref><ref name=Dendy_Marshall>{{harvnb|Dendy Marshall|1968|p=223}}</ref> A west-south connecting spur to the RG&RR was provided on opening, but was removed around 1900, before being briefly restored between 1941 and 1946 as a wartime resilience measure.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_27-28/>{{refn|In 1923 the Southern Railway proposed a north-east spur to link the town's two railway lines. The necessary land was purchased and parliamentary approval was obtained, but no construction work took place.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_27-28/>|group=note}}

{{rws|Dorking||Dorking station}} was provided with extensive goods facilities, a locomotive yard and a turntable (later the site of the car park).<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_33-34/> It was built with two platforms, but a third was added in 1925, when the railway line was [[Railway electrification in Great Britain|electrified]] from {{rws|Leatherhead}}.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_37-38>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|pp=37–38}}</ref>{{refn|Electrification was extended to {{rws|Horsham}} in 1938.<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_37-38/>|group=note}} The original building was demolished in 1980 and was replaced by a larger structure, designed by Gordon Lavington, which integrated the station with offices for [[Biwater]].<ref name=Dorkings_Railways_42>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|p=42}}</ref>

In the late 1920s, improvements were made to the Dorking-Reigate road (now the A25), including the construction of Deepdene Bridge over the River Mole.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Reigate-Dorking Road: Last section opened yesterday |date=20 May 1927 |page=11 |issue=44586}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2227491 |title=Plaque, Deepdene Bridge |last1=Capper |first1=I |year=2010 |work=TQ1850 |publisher=Geograph Britain and Ireland |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019112608/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2227491 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[bypass (road)|bypass road]] (now the A24) was opened in 1934<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Dorking By-pass Road: Open to traffic to-day at noon |date=2 June 1934 |page=11 |issue=46770}}</ref> following considerable local opposition to the route, which cut through the Deepdene estate.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Dorking By-pass Road: Opposition to present scheme |date=4 May 1929 |page=9 |issue=45194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Dorking By-pass Schemes: Conflict of views at town's meeting |date=13 December 1929 |page=8 |issue=45385}}</ref>

===Commerce and industry===
A market at Dorking is first recorded in 1240 and in 1278, the sixth Earl of Surrey, [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]], claimed that it had been held twice weekly since "[[Time immemorial|time out of mind]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |title=Gazetteer of markets and fairs in England and Wales to 1516: Counties and Wales |first=S |last=Letters |year=2013 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101955/https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The early medieval market was probably centred around Pump Corner and between South Street and West Street, but it appears to have moved east to the widest part of the High Street by the early 15th century.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp15-16/>

[[File:PILSBURY WILMOT - Castle Mill, River Mole, Deepdene, Dorking, 1898.jpg|thumb|right|Castle Mill on the [[River Mole]] at [[Pixham]], painted by [[Wilmot Pilsbury]] in 1898]]
In the century following the Norman conquest, agricultural activity was focused on the lordship lands, which lay to the north of the Pipp Brook. However, as the Middle Ages progressed, woodland to the south and west of the centre was cleared enabling farms owned by the Goodwyns, Stubbs and Sondes families to expand.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_p21/> By the start of the Tudor period, there were at least five watermills in Dorking – two at Pixham (one on the Pipp Brook, owned by the Sondes and one on the Mole, owned by the Brownes), two close to the town centre (both owned by the manor) and one at Milton, on the road to Westcott. There may also have been a windmill on Tower Hill.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp23-24/>

[[File:Dorking_Henne.JPG|right|thumb|A female [[Dorking chicken]]{{refn|Two Dorking [[rooster|cockerels]], representing the town, appear as [[supporter]]s on the Mole Valley District Council [[coat of arms]] either side of the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.molevalley.gov.uk/home/council/about-district/coat-arms-town-twinning |title=Coat of arms and town twinning |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |publisher=Mole Valley District Council |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>|group=note}}]]
The town flourished in Tudor times and, in the 1590s, a [[market house]] was built between what is now St Martin's Walk and the White Horse Hotel.<ref name=Bright_1884_p13/>{{refn|The market house was demolished in 1813.<ref name=Dennis_1855_p4>{{harvnb|Dennis|1855|p=4}}</ref>|group=note}} The [[antiquarian]] [[John Aubrey]], who visited the town between 1673 and 1692, noted that the weekly market (which took place on Thursdays) was "the greatest... for poultry in England" and noted that "Sussex wheat" was also sold.<ref name=Aubrey_1718_149>{{harvnb|Aubrey|1718|p=149}}</ref> The free-draining Lower Greensand found in the Dorking area is particularly suited for [[poultry farming|rearing chickens]] and the local soils provide [[Gizzard#Gizzard stones|grit]] to assist the birds' [[digestion|digestive systems]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mvgs.org.uk/resources.htm |title=Geology: Key to the Prosperity of Box Hill and the Mole Valley |author=<!--Not stated--> |year=2013 |publisher=Mole Valley Geological Society |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112130111/http://mvgs.org.uk/resources.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The Dorking fowl, which has five claws instead of the normal four, is named after the town.<ref name=Bright_1884_p36>{{harvnb|Bright|1884|p=36}}</ref>{{refn|The Dorking Poultry Society was founded in 1867 and held an annual competition for local breeders.<ref name=Bright_1884_p36/>|group=note}} 

[[Fruit wine|Wine]] made from the [[Prunus avium|wild cherries]] that grew in the town was another local speciality. A 'cherry fair' was held in July in the 17th and 18th centuries,<ref name=Aubrey_1718_163>{{harvnb|Aubrey|1718|p=163}}</ref> and was revived in the 20th century at St Barnabas Church, Ranmore. Aubrey also recorded that an annual fair took place on [[Feast of the Ascension|Ascension Day]].<ref name=Aubrey_1718_149/>

Chalk and sand were quarried in Dorking until the early 20th century. Chalk was dug from a pit on Ranmore Road and heated in [[lime kiln|kilns]] to produce [[calcium oxide|quicklime]].{{refn|Chalk (calcium carbonate) must be heated above {{cvt|825|C|F}} to convert it to quicklime (calcium oxide).<ref>{{cite book |last=Stecher |first=Paul G |year=1968 |title=The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals and drugs |location=Rahway NJ |publisher=Merck |edition=8th}}</ref>|group=note}} In the medieval and early modern periods, the [[agricultural lime|lime]] was used to [[soil conditioner|fertilise]] local farm fields, but from the 18th century onwards (and especially after the construction of the turnpike to Epsom in 1755), it was transported to London for [[lime mortar|use in the construction industry]].<ref name=Overell_1991_pp42-43>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=42–43}}</ref>{{refn|The antiquarian J.S. Bright, writing in 1884, claimed that Dorking produced "some of the best lime in England" and that it was used in the construction of [[Somerset House]], the [[Bank of England]], [[London Bridge#1831|London Bridge]] and the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bright|1884|p=136}}</ref>|group=note}} Sand from the Folkestone Beds was quarried from several sites in the town, including at two pits in Vincent Lane.<ref name=Caves_Geology>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/south-street-caves-geology/ |title=South Street Caves |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 March 2020 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102129/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/south-street-caves-geology/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Caves and tunnels were also dug in the sandstone under several parts of the town. Many were used as cellars for storing wine bottles,<ref name=Bright_1876_p14>{{harvnb|Bright|1876|p=10}}</ref> but deeper workings followed [[seam (geology)|seams]] of [[silver sand]], which was used in [[glass production|glass making]].<ref name=Crocker_1990_p14>{{harvnb|Crocker|1990|p=14}}</ref> Most of the surviving caves are privately owned and not accessible to the public. A well-known example is the [[cockfight|cockpit]] beneath the former Wheatsheaf Inn in the High Street, in which fighting [[rooster|cocks]] were set against each other for [[blood sport|sport]]. During the construction of the [[parking lot|car park]] to the south of [[Sainsbury's|Sainsbury's supermarket]], the builders broke through into a large cavern of unknown date, the walls of which were painted with ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' pillars. Unfortunately, in order to complete the car park, it was necessary to fill in the cave with concrete.<ref name=Caves_Geology/> Guided tours of the caves in South Street are held on a regular basis and are organised by Dorking Museum.<ref name=Dawson_Subterranea>{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Sam |year=2017 |title=Here runneth under |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/south-street-caves-press/ |journal=Subterranea |issue=44 |pages=24–37 |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102127/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/south-street-caves-press/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the start of the 19th century, increasing [[mechanised agriculture|mechanisation of agriculture]] was leading to a local [[labour supply|surplus of labour]]. The wages for unskilled farm workers were decreasing, exacerbated by a fall in produce prices following the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in 1815. Like many towns in the south of England, Dorking was affected by [[Swing Riots|civil unrest]] among its poorest residents.<ref name=Hill_Swing_Riots>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=J |year=2004 |title=The Dorking Emigration Scheme of 1832 |journal=Family & Community History |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.1179/fch.2004.7.2.004 |s2cid=145772534}}</ref> In November 1830 a riot broke out and a mob of 80 attacked the Red Lion Inn in the High Street. A troop of soldiers from the [[Life Guards (United Kingdom)|Life Guards regiment]] was called in to restore order.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The state of the country |date=27 November 1830 |page=3 |issue=14395}}</ref> In 1831 it was noted that the town (population 4711) had one of the highest rates of [[poor relief]] in Surrey.<ref name=Hill_Swing_Riots/>

In early 1832, the [[vestry]] devised a supported scheme to enable young unemployed, unskilled labourers to leave the town to [[emigration|settle]] in [[Upper Canada]].{{refn|Although the Dorking programme was locally funded, practicalities were arranged under the [[Petworth Emigration Scheme]] which was responsible for enabling a total of 1800 people from rural towns across south east England to travel to and settle in Canada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haines |first=Sheila |last2=Lawson |first2=Leigh |year=2007 |title=Poor Cottages & Proud Palaces: The life and work of the Reverend Thomas Sockett of Petworth 1777–1859 |location=Hastings |publisher=Hastings Press |page=158}}</ref><ref name="Cameron">{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Wendy |last2=Maude |first2=Mary McDougall |title=Assisting emigration to Upper Canada : the Petworth Project, 1832–1837 |year=2000 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=0773520341 |url=https://archive.org/details/assistingemigrat0000came |access-date=27 June 2016 |chapter="Pauperism [is] almost universal": Who Were the Petworth Emigrants? |url-access=registration}}</ref>|group=note}} The cost of the voyage from [[Portsmouth]] to [[Montreal]] for 61 recipients of poor relief was paid by private donations, however the emigrants also received an allowance for food and clothing from parish funds. Although many were young, single men aged 14–20, a few families also joined the group.{{refn|An additional 16 residents, who were not in receipt of poor relief and who were able to pay for their own passage, also joined the group. In total 77 Dorking residents left England for Canada in 1832, with a further 13 from Capel.<ref name=Hill_Swing_Riots/>|group=note}} Most appear to have settled in the [[Toronto]] area, but a few are recorded as living in [[Kingston, Ontario]].<ref name=Hill_Swing_Riots/>

In 1911, the town was described in the [[Victoria County History]] as "almost entirely residential and agricultural, with some [[lime (material)|lime]] works on the chalk, though not so extensive as those in neighbouring parishes, a little brick-making, watermills (corn) at Pixham Mill, and timber and saw-mills."<ref name=Malden_1911_pp141-150/>

===Residential development===
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Although the turnpike road through Dorking had been constructed in the 1750s,<ref name=Overell_1991_pp39-40/> the built-up part of the town had changed little by the start of the 19th century.<ref name=Brigham_1997>{{cite journal |last1=Brigham |first1=Allan |year=1997 |title=Rose Hill – adapted from nature: the making of a new townscape – the first residential estate in Dorking |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/Surrey%20History%205-4.pdf |journal=Surrey History |volume=V |issue=4 |pages=194–211 |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101954/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/Surrey%20History%205-4.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the local professional class and wealthier tradesmen lived along the three main streets (the High Street, West Street and South Street), whilst the often crowded houses of artisans and labourers tended to be in the narrower lanes and alleys. Poor [[sanitation]] was still a major problem for the poorer residents and, in 1832, a [[cholera outbreak]] was recorded in Ebenezer Place (north of the High Street), where 46 people were crammed into nine cottages.<ref name=Brigham_1997/>

Nevertheless, Dorking was beginning to attract more affluent residents, many of whom had accumulated their wealth as businessmen in London. Charles Barclay (a [[Southwark]] brewery owner) and the bankers [[Joseph Denison (banker)|Joseph Denison]] and [[Thomas Hope (banker, born 1769)|Thomas Hope]] (none of whom had any previous connection with the area) purchased the estates at Bury Hill, Denbies and Deepdene respectively. Higher-status individuals living closer to the town centre included [[William Crawford (London MP)|William Crawford]], the [[City of London]] MP, and [[Jane Elizabeth Leslie, 12th Countess of Rothes|Jane Leslie]], the Dowager Countess of Rothes.<ref name=Brigham_1997/> Although the incoming landowners played little part in local commerce, they appear to have been the driving force behind schemes to [[road surface|pave streets]] and to provide [[gas lighting]] (both paid for by [[subscription (finance)|public subscription]]).<ref name=Jackson_1991_p80>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=80}}</ref>

[[File:Arch Leading to Rose Hill - geograph.org.uk - 108529.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The mock-Tudor arch leading from South Street to Rose Hill]]
Rose Hill, the first planned residential estate in Dorking, was developed by William Newland, a wealthy Guildford surgeon, who also had interests in the [[Wey and Arun Canal]]. Newland purchased the "Great House" on Butter Hill and the surrounding {{cvt|6.5|ha|acre|sigfig=1}} of land in 1831, which he divided into [[land lot|plots]] for 24 houses, arranged around a central [[paddock]], known as "The Oval". The Great House was divided into two separate dwellings (Butter Hill House and Rose Hill House), adjacent to which a mock-Tudor arch was erected over the main carriageway entrance from South Street. Initially sales were slow, but the proposals for the building of the railway line from Redhill stimulated interest in the development in the late 1840s. Although most of the purchasers were private individuals (the majority of whom had been born outside of the local area), the Dorking [[Quakers|Society of Friends]] bought one of the plots in 1845 for the construction of a [[Friends meeting house|meeting house]].<ref name=Brigham_1997/><ref name=Humphreys_2002_31>{{harvnb|Humphreys|2002|p=31}}</ref> By 1861 the estate was complete.<ref name=Brigham_1997/>

The arrival of the railway in 1849 catalysed the expansion of the town to the south and west. Between 1850 and 1870, the National Freehold Land Society was responsible for housing developments in Arundel and Howard Roads, as well as around Tower Hill. Poorer quality houses were built along Falkland and Hampstead Roads (many of which were replaced in the 1960s and 1970s). Holloway Farm was sold in 1870 and the first houses in Knoll, Roman and Ridgeway Roads were constructed before 1880. Houses in Cliftonville (named after its promoter, Joseph Clift, a local [[pharmacist|chemist]]) were also built around the same time.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p75>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=75}}</ref> To the north of the High Street, smaller [[semi-detached]] and [[terraced house]]s were constructed in the 1890s for artisans in Rothes Road, Ansell Road, Wathen Road, Hart Road and Jubilee Terrace.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p75/>

No significant residential expansion took place in Dorking in the first two decades of the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, the breakup of the Deepdene and Pippbrook estates (and the electrification of the railway line from Leatherhead) stimulated housebuilding to the north and east of the town, including Deepdene Vale and Deepdene Park.<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp90-92>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=90–92}}</ref><ref name=Dorkings_Railways_52>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|p=52}}</ref> The sale of part of Bradley Farm (part of the Denbies estate) in the 1930s, enabled the building of Ashcombe, Keppel and Calvert Roads. The Dorking UDC intended to build housing on the rest of the farm (now [[Denbies Wine Estate]]), however their plans were interrupted by the [[World War II|outbreak of war]] and were ultimately prevented by the creation of the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]].<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp90-92/>

[[File:Linden Lea, Goodwyns Estate, Dorking (July 2013).JPG|thumb|upright|The 14-storey Linden Lea tower block was built as part of the [[Goodwyns]] estate in 1965.]]
The first [[council house|council housing]] was built in Dorking by the UDC in Nower Road in 1920 and similar developments took place in Marlborough and Beresford Roads later the same decade. In 1936, the council obtained a [[slum clearance in the United Kingdom|Slum Clearance Order]] to demolish 81 properties in Church Street, North Street, Cotmandene and the surrounding areas. In total 217 residents were displaced, many of whom were rehoused by the UDC in the Fraser Gardens estate, designed by the architect [[George Grey Wornum]].{{refn|The Fraser Gardens estate was named after [[Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet|Sir Malcolm Fraser]] of Pixham, who donated the funds to purchase the land from the Denbies estate.<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp92-93>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=92–93}}</ref><ref name=Times_Fraser_Gardens>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Cottages at Dorking |date=19 January 1938 |page=9 |issue=47896}}</ref>|group=note}} The Chart Downs estate to the southeast of the town was built between 1948 and 1952.<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp92-93/><ref name=Times_Fraser_Gardens/>

Controversially,<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Flats rejected |work=Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=3 November 1960 |issue=32829 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Flats in Green Belt approved |work=Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=15 November 1961 |issue=33149 |page=20}}</ref> in the late 1950s and 1960s, Dorking UDC constructed the [[Goodwyns]] estate on land [[compulsory purchase in England and Wales|compulsorily purchased]] from Howard Martineau, a major local benefactor to the town. The initial designs were by Clifford Culpin and the project was subsequently developed by William Ryder, who was responsible for the erection of the Wenlock Edge and Linden Lea [[tower blocks in Great Britain|tower blocks]].<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp92-93/> Both the design of the buildings and the layout of the estate were praised in the early 1970s by architectural historians [[Ian Nairn]] and [[Nikolaus Pevsner]].<ref name="Pevsner198">{{Harvnb|Nairn|Pevsner|1971|p=198}}</ref>

===Religion===

The first mention of a church at Dorking occurs in Domesday Book of 1086.<ref name=Dorking_Domesday/> In around 1140, Isabel de Warenne, the widow of the [[William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey|second Earl of Surrey]], granted the church and a [[tithe]] of the rents from the manor to [[Lewes Priory]] in Sussex. In the 1190s, the tithe was converted to a pension of £6, which was paid annually to the Priory until at least 1291.<ref name=Blair_church>{{cite journal |last=Blair |first=J |year=1980 |title=The Surrey endowments of Lewes Priory before 1200 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_72/surreyac072_097-126_blair.pdf |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |volume=72 |pages=97–126 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101957/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_72%2Fsurreyac072_097-126_blair.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The Priory also acquired the right to appoint the town's priest.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp19-20>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=19–20}}</ref>

[[File:North transept of the Old Church, Dorking.jpg|thumb|The north [[transept]] of the 12th century medieval parish church, demolished {{circa|1830}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Arthur |year=1852 |title=Notes on the Churches in the Counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey |url=https://archive.org/details/notesonchurchesi00hussuoft |location=London |publisher=John Russell Smith |page=8}}</ref>]]
It is unclear where in the town the Domesday church was located. It appears to have been replaced at some point during the 12th century (possibly by Isabel de Warenne) by a large [[Cruciform#Cruciform architectural plan|cruciform building]] with a central tower.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp19-20/> A [[Dedication (ritual)|rededication]] from [[Mary, mother of Jesus|St Mary]] to [[Martin of Tours|St Martin]] may have taken place around the same time.<ref name=Blair_church/> In 1334 the church was granted to the Priory of the Holy Cross in Reigate.<ref name=Wedgwood_1990_p10>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1990|p=10}}</ref> In the late 14th century a [[clerestory]] and two side [[aisle]]s were added to the [[nave]].<ref name=Wedgwood_1990_p4>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1990|p=4}}</ref>

The so-called Intermediate Church was constructed in 1835–1837.<ref name=Robertson_2004/><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Dorking: The ceremony of laying the first stone of the new church, now in course of erection |location=London |date=3 November 1835 |issue=15937 |page=2}}</ref> It had a square tower, topped with an octagonal [[spire]], and could seat around 1800 worshippers.<ref name=Dennis_1855_p6>{{harvnb|Dennis|1855|p=6}}</ref> Its floor level was approximately {{cvt|1.8|m|ft|sigfig=1}} higher than that of the church it replaced, allowing the base of the medieval nave to become a [[crypt]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ettinger |first=V |year=1978 |title=Dorking St Martin's Church crypt |journal=Surrey Archaeological Society Bulletin |volume=150 |pages=3–4 |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/SAS150.pdf |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101955/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/SAS150.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1868–1877, the Intermediate Church was rebuilt into the present [[St Martin's Church, Dorking|St Martin's Church]], designed in the [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic|Decorated Gothic style]] by the architect [[Henry Woodyer]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Dorking parish church |location=London |date=3 November 1874 |issue=28029 |page=8}}</ref><ref name=NHLE_St_Martin>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1028904|desc=Church of St Martin|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> The {{cvt|64|m|ft|adj=on}} spire of the current church was dedicated as a memorial to Bishop [[Samuel Wilberforce]] (who had died in 1873)<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp77-78>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=77–78 }}</ref> and in 1905–1911 the [[Lady chapel]] was added.<ref name=NHLE_St_Martin/>

In order to accommodate the growing population in the south of the town, a second [[Church of England|Anglican church]], St Paul's, was opened in 1857 on land donated by Henry Thomas Hope. Designed by the architect, [[Benjamin Ferrey]], it was built of [[Bath stone]] in the [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic (late 13th–late 14th centuries)|Decorated Geometric]] style.<ref name=Dennis_1855_p7>{{harvnb|Dennis|1855|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Not stated--> |year=1857 |title=St Paul's Church, Dorking |journal=The Builder |volume=15 |pages=75–755}}</ref> A daughter church to St Martin's, designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and dedicated to St Mary, was opened at Pixham in 1903.<ref name=NHLE_Pixham>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1279086|desc=Pixham Church|fewer-links=yes}}</ref><ref name=Wedgwood_1990_pp126-139>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1990|pp=126–139}}</ref>

In the two centuries following the passing of the [[Act of Uniformity 1558|1558 Act of Uniformity]], many inhabitants of Dorking embraced more extreme forms of [[protestantism]] and by 1676, the parish (which had a total population of around 1500) contained 200 [[nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformists]].<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp32-33>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=32–33}}</ref> In 1620, six residents, including [[William Mullins (Mayflower passenger)|Williams Mullins]] (a cobbler) and his daughter [[Priscilla Alden|Priscilla]], joined the ''[[Mayflower]]'' to establish a [[English Dissenters|Separatist]] colony in the [[New World]].<ref name=Mayflower400>{{cite web |url=https://www.mayflower400uk.org/news/2020/may/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-dorking/ |title=7 things you didn't know about Dorking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=14 May 2020 |publisher=Mayflower 400 UK |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126154725/https://www.mayflower400uk.org/news/2020/may/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-dorking/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mayflowerhistory.com/mullins-william/ |title=William Mullins |last=Johnson |first=Caleb |year=2020 |publisher=MayflowerHistory.com |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101957/http://mayflowerhistory.com/mullins-william/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mayflowerhistory.com/mullins-priscilla/ |title=Priscilla Mullins |last=Johnson |first=Caleb |year=2020 |publisher=MayflowerHistory.com |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102003/http://mayflowerhistory.com/mullins-priscilla/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|William Mullins, his wife Alice, daughter Priscilla and son Joseph lived at 58–61 West Street with their apprentice, Robert Carter. All five travelled together on the ''Mayflower''.<ref name=Mayflower400/><ref name=ESP_Mullins>{{cite web |url=https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/places/surrey/mole_valley/dorking/dorking_william_mullins_house/ |title=Dorking: William Mullins House |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 January 2014 |publisher=Exploring Surrey's Past |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023050228/https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/places/surrey/mole_valley/dorking/dorking_william_mullins_house/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mullins' house is the only surviving home of a Pilgrim Father in England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/local-history/famous-dorking-residents/william-mullins/ |title=William Mullins |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1 December 2020 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407171133/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/local-history/famous-dorking-residents/william-mullins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The sixth Dorking resident to join the Pilgrims was [[Peter Browne (Mayflower passenger)|Peter Browne]].<ref name=ESP_Mullins/>|group=note}} During the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], the townsfolk supported the [[roundhead|Parliamentarians]], but although some of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s soldiers were [[billet]]ed in Dorking, no fighting took place nearby.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp29-31>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=29–31}}</ref>

[[File:Dorking United Reformed Church, West Street, Dorking (NHLE Code 1230093) (July 2013) (7).jpg|thumb|The Grade II listed United Reformed Church, built 1834.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1230093|desc=United Reformed Church}}</ref>]]
[[Christopher Feake]], the [[Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchist]] and independent minister, lived in the town (allegedly under a false identity) following [[Stuart Restoration|The Restoration of the Monarchy]] in 1660. He may have incited some of the more radical residents to violence.<ref name=Ettinger_1991_pp32-33/><ref name=SAC_Defoe>{{cite journal |author=Bastian F |year=1957 |title=Daniel Defoe and the Dorking District |journal=Surrey Archaeological Collections |volume=55 |pages=41–64 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_55/surreyac055_041-064_bastian.pdf |access-date=27 September 2020 |doi=10.5284/1068897 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102002/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol_55%2Fsurreyac055_041-064_bastian.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Daniel Defoe]], the author of ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' and a committed [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] throughout his life, was educated in Dorking for five years, {{circa|1669–74}}. He attended a school in Pixham Lane run by Revd James Fisher a non-conformist who had been ejected as Rector of [[Fetcham]].<ref name=SAC_Defoe/> In 1662 Fisher was involved in establishing Dorking Congregational Church, which by the 1690s was meeting in a barn on Butter Hill in South Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dorkingurc.org.uk/church-history/ |title=Church History |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Dorking United Reformed Church |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102009/https://www.dorkingurc.org.uk/church-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The present United Reformed Church in West Street, designed by the architect William Hopperton, was built for the group by William Shearburn in 1834.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.explorechurches.org/church/dorking-urc-dorking |title=Dorking URC |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |publisher=Explore Churches |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102006/https://www.explorechurches.org/church/dorking-urc-dorking |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[John Wesley]] visited Dorking a total of nineteen times between 1764 and 1789.<ref name=Overell_1991_pp60-62>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=60–62}}</ref> He opened a [[Methodism|Methodist]] chapel in the town in 1777.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Joyce |year=2002 |title=Some notes on early Methodism in Surrey |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/Surrey%20History%206-4.pdf |journal=Surrey History |volume=VI |issue=4 |pages=194–206 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102031/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/Surrey%20History%206-4.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A new church with a spire was built in South Street in 1900, however this building was sold and demolished in 1974. Since 1973, Dorking Methodists have held [[church service|services]] at St Martin's.<ref name=Wedgwood_1990_p108>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1990|p=108}}</ref>

Although England had become a predominantly [[Protestantism|Protestant]] country during the [[Reformation]], the families of the Earls of Arundel and Dukes of Norfolk remained [[Roman Catholic (term)|Catholic]].<ref name=Overell_1991_pp60-62/> The first Catholic church in Dorking was built in the early 1870s on land owned by the fifteenth Duke of Norfolk, [[Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk|Henry Fitzalan-Howard]] and was rebuilt into the present [[St Joseph's Church, Dorking|St Joseph's Church]] in the mid-1890s, by the architect [[Frederick Walters]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Roman-Catholic church opened |location=London |date=27 June 1895 |issue=34614 |page=6}}</ref><ref name=Kelly_1907_p156>{{harvnb|Kelly|1907|p=156}}</ref>

A [[mosque]] was established in Hart Road in 2006. From 1984 the building had been used as a meeting room for the [[Plymouth Brethren]] and was a [[synagogue]] for a time, before being acquired by the Dorking Muslim Community Association.<ref name="WR-76666">{{WorshipReg|id=76666|name=Meeting Room|address=13 Hart Road, Dorking|denom=Christians Not Otherwise Designated|date=13 September 1984|folio=154 |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="MIB-Dorking">{{cite web |url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/show-mosque.php?id=2621 |title=Dorking Muslim Community Association |date=18 June 2009 |work=UK Mosque Directory |publisher=Muslims in Britain |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717140459/http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/show-mosque.php?id=2621 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dorking in the World Wars===
In late 1914, Dorking became a [[garrison]] town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Edwards |first=Mark |date=11 June 2015 |title=First World War photos show Dorking as garrison town |url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/nostalgia/first-world-war-photos-show-9435872 |work=Get Surrey |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808092818/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/nostalgia/first-world-war-photos-show-9435872 |url-status=live}}</ref> Empty houses were requisitioned and from January 1915 around 4000 troops were accommodated including those from the [[London Scottish (regiment)|London Scottish regiment]], the [[Prince of Wales' Own Civil Service Rifles|Civil Service Rifles]] and the [[Queen's Westminsters|Queen's Westminster Rifles]].<ref name=Atherton_2014_pp94-95/> Training took place in the fields to the west and north west of the town.<ref name="Atherton_2014_pp104–110">{{harvnb|Atherton|2014|pp=104–110}}</ref> Many local residents were recruited to the [[Surrey Yeomanry]], which (until mid-1915) was stationed at Deepdene House and at the Public Hall in West Street.<ref name=Atherton_2014_p24>{{harvnb|Atherton|2014|p=24}}</ref><ref name=Atherton_2014_pp94-95>{{harvnb|Atherton|2014|pp=94–95}}</ref> Although he was aged over 40 at the start of the war, the composer [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] enlisted in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]], one unit of which was based in the town.<ref name="Atherton_2014_pp104–110"/>

Of the many soldiers from Dorking who died during [[World War I]], the youngest was [[Valentine Strudwick]]. He was born in Falkland Road on 14 February 1900 and was educated at St Paul's School. He [[military service|enlisted]] in 1915 after concealing his true age and joined the [[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)]]. A year later, in January 1916 at the age of 15 years 11 months, he was killed in action at [[Boezinge]], near [[Ypres]]. He is buried at [[Essex Farm Cemetery]] in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Watkins |first=James |date=22 January 2016 |title=Valentine Joe Strudwick: Dorking remembers one of the youngest WW1 casualties 100 years on |url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/valentine-joe-strudwick-dorking-remembers-10770251 |work=Get Surrey |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804201935/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/valentine-joe-strudwick-dorking-remembers-10770251 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/private-valentine-joe-strudwick/ |title=Private Valentine Joe Strudwick |last=Chambers |first=Erica |date=18 January 2021 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925204306/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/private-valentine-joe-strudwick/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:A veteran sergeant in the Dorking Home Guard cleans his Tommy gun at the dining room table, before going on parade, 1 December 1940. H5850.jpg|thumb|right|A veteran sergeant in the Dorking [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]] cleaning a
[[Thompson submachine gun|Tommy gun]] (December 1940)<ref>{{cite archive |item-url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205195183 |item=The Home Guard: Seated at the dining table with his wife, a Sergeant of the Dorking Home Guard in Surrey, England gives his Tommy gun a final polish before leaving home to go on parade |last=Puttnam |first=Len A |type=photograph |item-id=H 5850 |collection=War Office Second World War official collection |date=1 December 1940 |institution=Imperial War Museum |location=London}}</ref>]]
Empty houses in the town also provided billets for soldiers during [[World War II]] and over 3000 school children were [[evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] to the Dorking area in September 1939. A local refugee committee (led by Vaughan Williams and the novelist [[E. M. Forster]]) was established to find accommodation for refugees fleeing Nazi persecution and also to support long-resident [[German nationality law|German]] and [[Czech nationality law|Czech nationals]] in applications to [[Home Office]] [[Tribunals in the United Kingdom|tribunals]] to remain at liberty in the UK.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p98-99>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/evacuees-and-refugees/ |title=Evacuees and Refugees |last=Chambers |first=Erica |date=16 July 2020 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128053222/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/evacuees-and-refugees/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the start of the war, the fortified [[GHQ Line|GHQ Line B]] was constructed directly to the north of Dorking. This defensive line ran along the North Downs from [[Farnham]] via Guildford, before following the River Mole to [[Horley]]. The banks of the Mole were fortified with [[anti-tank obstacles]], [[pillbox (military)|pillboxes]] and [[coastal artillery|gun emplacements]] and an [[anti-tank trench|anti-tank ditch]] was dug from west to east across Bradley Farm (now Denbies Wine Estate). The town itself was a Class "A" nodal point and from August 1940 the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade (part of the [[VII Corps (United Kingdom)|VII Corps]]) was assigned to its defence.<ref name=Aspects_2004_pp246-248>{{harvnb|Cotton|Crocker|Graham|2004|pp=246–248}}</ref><ref name=DA12>{{cite web |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue//adsdata/arch-455-1/dissemination/pdf/Text_Reports/DA12_TEXT_-_DORKING_GAP.pdf |title=Defence Area 12: Dorking Gap |author=Foot W |year=2009 |work=Defence Areas: a national study of Second World War anti-invasion landscapes in England |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=11 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042351/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue//adsdata/arch-455-1/dissemination/pdf/Text_Reports/DA12_TEXT_-_DORKING_GAP.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pippbrook House (the then offices of the Dorking UDC) became a mobilisation centre and housed an [[Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom|ARP]] post as well as the local branch of the [[Royal Voluntary Service|Women's Voluntary Service]].<ref name=Raine_Pippbrook/>

Over the course of the war, 77 [[bomb|high-explosive bombs]] and 60 [[Incendiary device|incendiaries]] were dropped by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'', however only one incident (in October 1940) resulted in fatalities in the town.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p98-99/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/wartime-incidents/ |title=Wartime incidents |last=Chambers |first=Erica |date=19 July 2020 |publisher=Dorking Museum |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128043430/https://dorkingmuseum.org.uk/wartime-incidents/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the war, at least two [[Covenanter tank]]s were buried at Bradley Farm. The first was excavated and restored in 1977 and is now on display at [[The Tank Museum]] at [[Bovington Camp|Bovington]] in [[Dorset]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tank-photographs.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/a13-cruiser-mkIII-mkV-covenanter-tank-bovington.html |title=The Covenanter A13 Mk.III Cruiser Mark V tank |last=Moore |first=Craig |publisher=tank-hunter.com |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720032715/http://tank-photographs.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/a13-cruiser-mkIII-mkV-covenanter-tank-bovington.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A second was excavated in 2017 for the archaeology programme ''WW2 Treasure Hunters'', presented by the musician [[Suggs (singer)|Suggs]] on the TV channel [[History (European TV channel)|HISTORY]]. The tank was displayed at the vineyard for six months, before being removed for restoration.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ballinger |first=Chris |date=5 December 2017 |title=Second World War tank discovered at Dorking vineyard taken away to be fully restored |url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/second-world-war-tank-discovered-13997831 |work=Get Surrey |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114105805/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/second-world-war-tank-discovered-13997831 |url-status=live}}</ref>