Editing Dorgon (section)

===Settling in the capital===
[[File:CircularMound.jpg|alt=Color photograph of a three-level stone structure with railings on each level, viewed from the outside, facing a staircase that leads to the top level.|right|thumb|The circular mound of the [[Temple of Heaven|Altar of Heaven]], where the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] conducted sacrifices on 30 October 1644, ten days before being officially proclaimed [[Emperor of China]]. The ceremony marked the moment when the Qing dynasty seized the [[Mandate of Heaven]].]]

After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the residents of Beijing sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=313}}.</ref> They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horse-riding Manchu with the front half of his head shaved, present himself as the [[Prince regent|Prince-Regent]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=314}} (were all expecting Wu Sangui and the heir apparent) and 315 (reaction to seeing Dorgon instead).</ref> In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself as Prince-Regent in Wuying Palace (武英殿), the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the [[Forbidden City]] on 3 June.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=315}}.</ref> Banner troops were ordered not to loot; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule "remarkably smooth."<ref>{{harvnb|Naquin|2000|p=289}}.</ref> Yet, at the same time, as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming Empire, Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne (including descendants of the last Ming emperor) should be executed along with their supporters.<ref>{{harvnb|Mote|1999|p=818}}.</ref>

On 7 June, just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population surrendered, the officials would be allowed to stay at their posts. Besides, all the men had to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=416}}; {{harvnb|Mote|1999|p=828}}.</ref> He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, pp. 420–422 (which explains these matters and claims that the order was repealed by edict on 25 June). {{harvnb|Gong 宫 |2010|p=84}} gives the date as 28 June.</ref>

Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=857}}.</ref> On 30 October the six-year-old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the [[Temple of Heaven|Altar of Heaven]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=858}}.</ref> The southern cadet branch of [[Confucius]]'s descendants who held the title [[Hanlin Academy|''wujing boshi'']] and the northern branch 65th generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title [[Duke Yansheng]] had their titles confirmed by the Shunzhi Emperor on 31 October.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=858}}</ref> A formal ritual of enthronement for the Shunzhi Emperor was held on 8 November, during which the young emperor compared Dorgon's achievements to those of the [[Duke of Zhou]], a revered regent of the [[Zhou dynasty]].<ref name="Frederic E. Wakeman 1985 860"/><ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, pp. 858, 860 ("According to the emperor's speechwriter, who was probably Fan Wencheng, Dorgon even 'surpassed' (''guo'') the revered Duke of Zhou because 'The Uncle Prince also led the Grand Army through Shanhai Pass to smash two hundred thousand bandit soldiers, and then proceeded to take Yanjing, pacifying the Central Xia. He invited us to come to the capital and received him as a great guest'.").</ref> During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle and Prince Regent" (叔父攝政王), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" (''ecike'') represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985}}, pp. 860–861, & p. 861, note 31.</ref> Three days later Dorgon's co-regent, [[Jirgalang]], was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (輔政叔王).<ref name="Wakeman 1985 861">{{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=861}}.</ref> In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (皇叔父攝政王), leaving him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.<ref name="Wakeman 1985 861"/>

Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan,<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=872–}}</ref> who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue hairstyle]] was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the [[Manchu language]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=868–}}</ref>

To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Board of Revenue]] if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the Qing dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230216/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%20notes-final.pdf Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221.]</ref><ref>Walthall 2008, pp. 140–141.</ref> The decree was formulated by Dorgon.<ref name="Frederic E. Wakeman 1985 478">{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=478–}}</ref>

[[File:Examination hall, Peking.jpg|alt=A black-and-white picture of a stone-paved alley going from bottom right to top left leading to a three-roofed gate and bordered on the right by a line up of small roofed cubicles open on one side.|thumb|left|Examination rooms in Beijing. In order to enhance their legitimacy among the Chinese elite, the Qing reestablished the [[imperial examination|imperial civil service examination]]s almost as soon as they seized Beijing in 1644.]]

One of Dorgon's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing and give it to [[Eight Banners|Bannermen]], including Han Chinese Bannermen.<ref name="Frederic E. Wakeman 1985 478"/> The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace, followed by the White Banners to the east, the Red Banners to the west, and the Blue Banners to the south.<ref>See maps in {{harvnb|Naquin|2000|p=356}} and {{Harvnb|Elliott|2001}}, p. 103.</ref> This distribution complied with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which "each of the banners was given a fixed geographical location according to the points of the compass."<ref>{{Harvnb|Oxnam|1975|p=170}}.</ref> Despite tax remissions and large-scale building programmes designed to facilitate the transition, in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Naquin|2000|pp=289–291}}.</ref> Agricultural land outside the capital was also delineated (''quan'' 圈) and given to Qing troops.<ref name="Naquin 291">{{harvnb|Naquin|2000|p=291}}.</ref> Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords.<ref name="Naquin 291"/> This transition in land use caused "several decades of disruption and hardship."<ref name="Naquin 291"/>

In 1646, Dorgon also ordered that the [[imperial examination|imperial civil service examinations]] for selecting government officials be reinstated. From then on, examinations were held every three years as under the Ming Empire. In the very first imperial examination held under Qing rule in 1646, candidates, most of whom were northern Chinese, were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could work together for a common purpose.<ref>{{harvnb|Elman|2002|p=389}}.</ref> The 1649 examination asked "how Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division."<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Elman|2002|pp=389–390}}.</ref> Under the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, the average number of graduates of the metropolitan examination per session was the highest of the Qing dynasty ("to win more Chinese support"), continuing until 1660 when lower quotas were established.<ref>{{harvnb|Man-Cheong|2004|p=7}}, Table 1.1 (number of graduates per session under each Qing reign); {{harvnb|Wakeman|1985|p=954}} (reason for the high quotas); {{harvnb|Elman|2001|p=169}} (lower quotas in 1660).</ref>