Editing Dolly (sheep) (section)

== Legacy ==
After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Grisham | first1 = Julie | journal = Nature Biotechnology | title= Pigs cloned for first time| volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 365 | doi = 10.1038/74335 | date = April 2000 | pmid =  10748477| s2cid = 34996647 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = BBC20140114>Shukman, David (14 January 2014) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25576718 China cloning on an 'industrial scale'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817140351/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25576718 |date=17 August 2018 }} BBC News, Retrieved 14 January 2014</ref> [[deer]],<ref name="InnovationsReport">{{Cite news |url = http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html |title = Texas A&M scientists clone world's first deer |access-date = 1 January 2007 |date = 23 December 2003 |work = Innovations Report |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061111000645/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html |archive-date = 11 November 2006 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> horses<ref name=PoloHorses>{{cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Haley|title=How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso|website=VFNews|publisher=Vanity Fair|access-date=27 December 2015|date=31 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220071807/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and bulls.<ref name="ABC_News">{{cite web | last = Lozano | first = Juan A. | title = A&M Cloning project raises questions still | work = Bryan-College Station Eagle | date = 27 June 2005 | url = https://www.theeagle.com/news/a_m/a-m-cloning-project-raises-questions-still/article_16a5097d-9501-58f3-b99a-24290f3a49ca.html | access-date = 16 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191212152646/https://www.theeagle.com/news/a_m/a-m-cloning-project-raises-questions-still/article_16a5097d-9501-58f3-b99a-24290f3a49ca.html | archive-date = 12 December 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> The attempt to clone [[argali]] (mountain sheep) did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone a [[banteng]] bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone [[mouflon]] (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.<ref name="BBC Web">{{Cite news | title =Endangered sheep cloned | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm | access-date =12 November 2007 | work =BBC News | date =1 October 2001 | location =London | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080124190734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm | archive-date =24 January 2008 | url-status =live }}</ref> The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jaenisch R|author2=Hochedlinger K|author3=Eggan K |title=Stem Cells: Nuclear Reprogramming and Therapeutic Applications |chapter=Nuclear Cloning, Epigenetic Reprogramming and Cellular Differentiation |volume=265 |pages=107–18; discussion 118–28 |date=2005 |pmid=16050253 |doi=10.1002/0470091452.ch9|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia|isbn=978-0-470-09145-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rideout WM|author2=Eggan K|author3=Jaenisch R |s2cid=23021886|title=Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5532 |pages=1093–8 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11498580 |doi=10.1126/science.1063206}}</ref> Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient{{snd}}in 1996, Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. By 2014, Chinese scientists were reported to have 70–80% success rates cloning pigs,<ref name = BBC20140114/> and in 2016, a Korean company, Sooam Biotech, was producing 500 cloned embryos a day.<ref name="NewScientist500">{{cite magazine|last1=Zastrow|first1=Mark|title=Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076681-inside-the-cloning-factory-that-creates-500-new-animals-a-day/|access-date=23 February 2016|magazine=New Scientist|date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222043834/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076681-inside-the-cloning-factory-that-creates-500-new-animals-a-day/|archive-date=22 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.<ref>Roger Highfield [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3314696/Dolly-creator-Prof-Ian-Wilmut-shuns-cloning.html "Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116140852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3314696/Dolly-creator-Prof-Ian-Wilmut-shuns-cloning.html |date=16 November 2014 }}. ''Daily Telegraph'' 16 November 2007</ref>

Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species, and may become a viable tool for reviving [[Extinction|extinct species]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Trounson AO |chapter=Future and Applications of Cloning |title=Nuclear Transfer Protocols |volume=348 |pages=319–32 |date=2006 |pmid=16988390 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319 |doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22 |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-58829-280-3 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609175209/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2009, scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon in northern Spain announced the cloning of the [[Pyrenean ibex]], a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.<ref name="The Telegraph">{{Cite news | title=Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html | access-date=1 February 2009 | work=The Telegraph | location=London | first1=Richard | last1=Gray | first2=Roger | last2=Dobson | date=31 January 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071437/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html | archive-date=27 December 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jabr |first=Ferris |date=11 March 2013 |title=Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals? |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloning-endangered-animals |journal=Scientific American |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213123914/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloning-endangered-animals |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2016, four identical clones of Dolly (Daisy, Debbie, Dianna, and Denise) were alive and healthy at nine years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2016/07/clones-da-ovelha-dolly-envelheceram-com-boa-saude-diz-estudo.html|title=Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde, diz estudo|date=26 July 2016|publisher=[[Rede Globo]]|language=pt|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728170616/http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2016/07/clones-da-ovelha-dolly-envelheceram-com-boa-saude-diz-estudo.html|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36893506|title=Dolly the sheep's siblings 'healthy'|date=26 July 2016|website=News – Science and Environment|publisher=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727021843/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36893506|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Scientific American]]'' concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly has not been cloning of animals but in advances into [[stem cell]] research.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-dolly-the-sheep-led-the-way-where-is-cloning-now/|title=20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way—Where Is Cloning Now?|last=Weintraub|first=Karen|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234623/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-dolly-the-sheep-led-the-way-where-is-cloning-now/|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Gene targeting was added in 2000, when researchers cloned female lamb Diana from sheep DNA altered to contain the human gene for [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]].  The human gene was specifically activated in the ewe’s mammary gland, so Diana produced milk containing human [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]].<ref name="t474">{{cite journal | last=Adam | first=David | title=Science of the lambs | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | date=2000-06-29 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/news000629-8 | page=}}</ref> After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to [[induced pluripotent stem cell]]s, which can be grown into any tissue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/26/dollys-clones-ageing-no-differently-to-naturally-conceived-sheep-study-finds|title=Dolly's clones ageing no differently to naturally-conceived sheep, study finds|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203000846/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/26/dollys-clones-ageing-no-differently-to-naturally-conceived-sheep-study-finds|archive-date=3 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first successful cloning of a [[Primate|primate species]] was reported in January 2018, using the same method which produced Dolly. Two identical clones of a [[macaque]] monkey, [[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua]], were created by researchers in China and were born in late 2017.<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen |display-authors=etal |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180124">{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202402/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20180124">{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124203208/http://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134442/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned [[Genome editing|gene-edited]] monkeys, again using this method, and the gene-editing [[CRISPR]]-[[Cas9]] technique allegedly used by [[He Jiankui]] in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies [[Lulu and Nana]]. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.<ref name="EA-20190123a">{{cite news |author=Science China Press |title=Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124030455/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |archive-date=24 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20190123">{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess |url=https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124195629/https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>