Editing Devanagari (section)

=== Vowels ===
The vowels and their arrangement are:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|pp=13, 14}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"
|-
!
| rowspan="10" |
! Independent form
! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
! [[ISO 15919|ISO]]
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! As diacritic with {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} ([[#Barakhadi|Barakhadi]])
| rowspan="10" |
! Independent form
! IAST
! ISO
! IPA
! As diacritic with {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} (Barakhadi)
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}''<br />([[Guttural]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|a}}
| {{IPAblink|ɐ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|प}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|आ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ā}}
| {{IPAblink|äː|aː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पा}}
|-
!''{{IAST|tālavya}}''<br />([[Palatal]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|इ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|i}}
| {{IPAblink|i}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पि}}
<!--When you input [p] [i], you should see [i] [p] as the correct result.
If not, that means your computer does not support Indic script. Please do not swap.-->
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ई}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ī}}
| {{IPAblink|iː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पी}}
|-
!{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}<br />([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|उ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|u}}
| {{IPAblink|u}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पु}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>6</sup></small>
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऊ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ū}}
| {{IPAblink|uː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पू}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>6</sup></small>
|-
!''{{IAST|mūrdhanya}}''<br />([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऋ}}
| {{IAST|ṛ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|r̥}}
| {{IPAblink|r̩}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पृ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>4</sup></small>
| {{IAST|ṝ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|r̥̄}}
| {{IPAblink|r̩ː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॄ}}
|-
!{{IAST|dantya}}<br />([[Dental consonant|Dental]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऌ}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>4</sup></small>
| {{IAST|ḷ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|l̥}}
| {{IPAblink|l̩}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॢ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ॡ}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup></small>
| {{IAST|ḹ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|l̥̄}}
| {{IPAblink|l̩ː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॣ}}
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhatālavya}}''<br />(Palatoguttural)
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ए}}
| {{IAST|e}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ē}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पे}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऐ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ai}}
| {{IPA|[aːɪ]}} (in Hindi: {{IPAblink|ɛː}})
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पै}}
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhoṣṭhya}}''<br />(Labioguttural)
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ओ}}
| {{IAST|o}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ō}}
| {{IPAblink|oː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पो}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|औ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|au}}
| {{IPA|[aːʊ]}} (in Hindi: {{IPAblink|ɔː}})
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पौ}}
|-
!
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अं}}&nbsp;/&nbsp;{{lang|inc-Deva|[[ं]]}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>1,2</sup></small>
| {{IAST|ṃ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ṁ}}
| {{IPAblink|◌̃}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पं}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अः}}&nbsp;/&nbsp;{{lang|inc-Deva|[[ः]]}}<small>&nbsp;<sup>1</sup></small>
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ḥ}}
| {{IPAblink|h}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पः}}
|}

# Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal [[diacritics]], the final [[nasal stop|nasal]] {{IAST|[[anusvāra]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ं]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṃ}} and the final [[fricative]] {{IAST|[[visarga]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ः]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḥ}} (called {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अं]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|aṃ}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अः]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|aḥ}}). {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} notes of the {{IAST|anusvāra}} in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic [[nasal stop]] {{omission}}, a [[nasalized vowel|nasalised vowel]], a nasalised [[semivowel]], or all these according to context". The {{IAST|visarga}} represents post-vocalic [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|[h]}}, in Sanskrit an [[allophone]] of {{IAST|s}}, or less commonly {{IAST|r}}, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the [[vowel]] after the breath:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=6}}</ref> {{lang|inc-Deva|इः|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ihi]}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} considers the {{IAST|visarga}} along with letters {{lang|inc-Deva|ङ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṅa}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|ञ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ña}} for the "largely predictable" [[velar nasal|velar]] and [[palatal nasal]]s to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".
# Another diacritic is the {{IAST|[[Chandrabindu|candrabindu]]}}/{{IAST|[[anunāsika]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ँ]]|size=140%}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अँ]]|size=140%}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|pp=76–77}} describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the {{IAST|anusvāra}}, "sometimes {{omission}} used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a new Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the {{IAST|candrabindu}} indicates [[nasalized vowel|vowel nasalisation]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|pp=44–45}}</ref> while the {{IAST|anusvār}} indicates a homorganic [[nasal stop|nasal]] preceding another consonant:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=64}}</ref> e.g., {{lang|hi|हँसी}} {{IPA|[ɦə̃si]}} "[[laughter]]", {{lang|hi|गंगा}} {{IPA|[ɡəŋɡɑ]}} "the [[Ganges]]". When an {{IAST|akṣara}} has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the {{IAST|candra}} ("moon") stroke {{IAST|candrabindu}}, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=45}}</ref> {{lang|hi|हूँ|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɦũ]}} "am", but {{lang|hi|हैं|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɦɛ̃]}} "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=46}}</ref>
# The {{IAST|[[avagraha]]}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|[[ऽ]]|size=140%}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अऽ]]|size=140%}}) (usually [[transliteration|transliterated]] with an [[apostrophe]]) is a Sanskrit [[punctuation mark]] for the [[elision]] of a [[vowel]] in [[sandhi]]: {{lang|sa|एकोऽयम्}} {{IAST|eko'yam}} ( ← {{lang|sa|एकस्}} {{IAST|ekas}} + {{lang|sa|अयम्}} {{IAST|ayam}}) ("this one"). An original [[long vowel]] lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double {{IAST|avagraha}}: {{lang|sa|सदाऽऽत्मा}} {{IAST|sadā'tmā}} ( ← {{lang|sa|सदा}} {{IAST|sadā}} + {{lang|sa|आत्मा}} {{IAST|ātmā}}) "always, the self".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=77}}</ref> In Hindi, {{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=77}} states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": {{lang|hi|आईऽऽऽ!}} {{IAST|āīīī!}}<!-- include bit on 77 about prosody? -->. In Madhyadeshi languages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbal forms that end in that inherent vowel",<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verma|2003|p=501}}</ref> the {{IAST|avagraha}} is used to mark the ''non-''elision of word-final inherent {{IAST|a}}, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: {{lang|inc-Deva|बइठऽ}} {{IAST|baiṭha}} "sit" versus {{lang|inc-Deva|बइठ}} {{IAST|baiṭh}}
# The syllabic consonants {{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṝ}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऌ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷ}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|ॡ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḹ}} are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the {{IAST|varṇamālā}} of other languages. The sound represented by {{IAST|ṛ}} has also been largely lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from {{IPA|[ɾɪ]}} (Hindi) to {{IPA|[ɾu]}} (Marathi).
#  {{IAST|ḹ}} is not an actual [[phoneme]] of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.<ref name="Salomon 2003 75" />
# There are non-regular formations of {{lang|inc-Deva|रु|size=140%}} {{IAST|ru}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|रू|size=140%}} {{IAST|rū}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|हृ|size=140%}} {{IAST|hṛ}}.
# There are two more vowels in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], {{lang|mr|ॲ|size=140%}} and {{lang|mr|ऑ|size=140%}}, that respectively represent [{{IPA|æ}}], similar to the [[received pronunciation|RP]] English pronunciation of {{angbr|a}} in ''act'', and [{{IPA|ɒ}}], similar to the RP pronunciation of {{angbr|o}} in ''cot''. These vowels are sometimes used in Hindi too, as in {{Langx|hi|डॉलर|label=none}} {{IAST|dôlar}} ("dollar").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Translation of "dollar"  |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040722/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-12 |website=Collins English-Hindi Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> IAST transliteration is not defined. In [[ISO 15919]], the transliteration is {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ê}} and {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ô}}, respectively.
# Kashmiri Devanagari uses letters like {{lang|inc-Deva|ॳ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॴ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॶ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॷ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऎ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऒ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|औ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॵ}} to represent its vowels (see [[Kashmiri language#Devanagari]]).