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==Vital statistics== Burma has a low fertility rate (2.23 in 2011), slightly above [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement level]], especially as compared to other Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing, like [[Cambodia]] (3.18) and [[Laos]] (4.41), representing a significant decline from 4.7 in 1983 to 2.4 in 2001, despite the absence of any national population policy.<ref name="spo"/><ref name="spoor"/><ref name="jon">{{cite journal|last1=Jones |first1=Gavin W. |year=2007 |title=Delayed Marriage and Very Low Fertility in Pacific Asia |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=453–478 |url=http://dahuang.dhxy.info/population/Delayed_Marriage_Fertility09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5x361pgmm?url=http://dahuang.dhxy.info/population/Delayed_Marriage_Fertility09.pdf |archive-date=2011-03-09 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00180.x }}</ref><ref name="mya">{{cite journal |author=Myat Mon |year=2008 |title=The Economic Position of Women in Burma |journal=Asian Studies Review |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=243–255 |doi=10.1080/10357820008713272 |s2cid=144323033 }}</ref> The fertility rate is much pronouncedly lower in urban areas. This is attributed to extreme delays in marriage (almost unparalleled in the region, with the exception of developed countries), the prevalence of illegal [[abortion]]s, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age (with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 single).<ref name="mya"/><ref name="un.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldmarriage/worldmarriagepatterns2000.pdf|date=30 June 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225072830/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldmarriage/worldmarriagepatterns2000.pdf|archive-date=2003-12-25|url-status=dead|author=United Nations, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs|title=WorldMarriage Patterns 2000|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> These patterns stem from several cultural and economic dynamics. The first is economic hardship, which results in the delay of marriage and family-building (the average age of marriage in Burma is 27.5 for men, 26.4 for women).<ref name="mya"/><ref name="un.org"/> The second is the social acceptability of [[celibacy]] among the Burmese, who are predominantly Buddhist and value celibacy as a means of spiritual development.<ref name="jon"/><ref>{{Cite thesis|degree=Master's |chapter=V: Conclusion and Recommendation |title=The Determinants of Age at First Marriage in Myanmar |chapter-url=http://mulinet10.li.mahidol.ac.th/e-thesis/4738657.pdf |author=Nyi Nyi |year=2005 |publisher=Mahidol University |access-date=20 September 2010 |df=dmy }}{{dead link|date=February 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> {{GraphChart | width = 450 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle = years | yAxisTitle = ‰ | yAxisMin = | yGrid = 0,1 | xGrid = 10 | hAnnotatonsLine = | hAnnotatonsLabel = | legend = | type = line | x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 | y1 = 17.6,17.8,18.9,19.6,20.3,20.7,21.1,21.4,21.5,21.5,21.5,21.5,21.6,21.7,22.0,22.3,22.5,22.7,22.8,22.6,22.4,22.4,22.1,21.9,21.6,21.4,21.3,21.1,20.8,20.8,20.5, 20.3,20.3,20.3,20.0,19.1,18.1,17.2,16.4,16.4,16.0,15.7,15.4,15.1,14.7,14.2,14.2,13.8,13.5,13.1,12.9,13.0,13.1,12.6,12.0,11.6,11.3,11.2,8.0,10.6,10.2, 10.1,9.7,9.8,9.6,9.7,9.6,9.3,9.2,9.0,8.5,7.3 | y1Title = Natural change (per 1000) }} {{GraphChart | width = 450 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle = years | yAxisTitle = ‰ | yAxisMin = | yGrid = 0,1 | xGrid = 10 | hAnnotatonsLine = | hAnnotatonsLabel = | legend = | type = line | x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 | y1 = 213.7,209.8,201.1,193.6,186.7,180.6,175.2,170.5,166.4,162.8,159.3,155.7,151.7,147.4,142.3,136.9,131.3,126.2,121.8,119.6,117.8,115.9,113.8,111.8,109.7, 107.8,105.7,103.7,102.0,99.9,98.0,96.2,94.5,92.8,91.3,89.9,88.4,87.0,85.5,83.9,82.3,80.8,79.1,77.3,75.6,74.0,72.2,70.6,69.0,67.4,65.9,64.3,62.8, 61.1,59.5,57.8,56.0,54.2,62.8,50.5,48.7,46.9,45.2,43.5,42.0,40.7,39.4,38.1,36.9,35.7,34.6,33.7 | y1Title = Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births) }} {{GraphChart | width = 450 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle = years | yAxisTitle = TFR | yAxisMin = | yGrid = 0,1 | xGrid = 10 | hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1 | hAnnotatonsLabel = | legend = | type = line | x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 | y1 = 5.95,5.95,5.95,5.96,5.97,5.97,5.98,5.99,5.99,5.99,5.98,5.98,5.99,5.99,5.99,5.99,5.96,5.92,5.87,5.81,5.75,5.68,5.59,5.49,5.38,5.29,5.21,5.12,5.02,4.94, 4.83,4.73,4.67,4.62,4.50,4.30,4.09,3.89,3.71,3.64,3.54,3.45,3.36,3.28,3.19,3.11,3.04,2.96,2.89,2.83,2.79,2.78,2.78,2.70,2.62,2.55,2.50,2.48,2.43,2.39,2.35, 2.31,2.27,2.26,2.24,2.25,2.25,2.23,2.21,2.20,2.17,2.15 | y1Title = Total Fertility Rate }} ===UN estimates=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! style="width:80pt;"|Year<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |title=World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816232627/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ! style="width:80pt;"|Live births per year ! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths per year ! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change per year ! style="width:80pt;"|CBR<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80pt;"|CDR<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80pt;"|NC<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80pt;"|TFR<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80pt;"|IMR<sup>1</sup> |- |1950 | style="color:red"|808,000 | 496,000 | style="color:red"|312,000 |45.6 |28.0 |17.6 |5.95 |213.7 |- |1951 | 820,000 | 499,000 | 321,000 |45.4 |27.6 |17.8 |5.95 |209.8 |- |1952 | 832,000 | 485,000 | 347,000 |45.2 |26.4 |18.9 |5.95 |201.1 |- |1953 | 845,000 | 478,000 | 367,000 |45.1 |25.5 |19.6 |5.96 |193.6 |- |1954 | 858,000 | 469,000 | 389,000 |44.8 |24.5 |20.3 |5.97 |186.7 |- |1955 | 868,000 | 463,000 | 404,000 |44.5 |23.7 |20.7 |5.97 |180.6 |- |1956 | 879,000 | 458,000 | 421,000 |44.1 |23.0 |21.1 |5.98 |175.2 |- |1957 | 891,000 | 456,000 | 435,000 |43.8 |22.4 |21.4 |5.99 |170.5 |- |1958 | 900,000 | 452,000 | 447,000 |43.3 |21.7 |21.5 |5.99 |166.4 |- |1959 | 908,000 | 451,000 | 457,000 |42.7 |21.2 |21.5 |5.99 |162.8 |- |1960 | 917,000 | 449,000 | 467,000 |42.2 |20.7 |21.5 |5.98 |159.3 |- |1961 | 926,000 | 449,000 | 477,000 |41.7 |20.2 |21.5 |5.98 |155.7 |- |1962 | 938,000 | 447,000 | 491,000 |41.3 |19.7 |21.6 |5.99 |151.7 |- |1963 | 948,000 | 445,000 | 503,000 |40.9 |19.2 |21.7 |5.99 |147.4 |- |1964 | 960,000 | 439,000 | 521,000 |40.4 |18.5 |22.0 |5.99 |142.3 |- |1965 | 974,000 | 431,000 | 543,000 |40.1 |17.8 |22.3 |5.99 |136.9 |- |1966 | 983,000 | 425,000 | 559,000 |39.6 |17.1 |22.5 |5.96 |131.3 |- |1967 | 996,000 | 418,000 | 578,000 |39.1 |16.4 |22.7 |5.92 |126.2 |- |1968 | 1,007,000 | 413,000 | 594,000 |38.7 |15.9 |22.8 |5.87 |121.8 |- |1969 | 1,019,000 | 417,000 | 601,000 |38.2 |15.7 |22.6 |5.81 |119.6 |- |1970 | 1,032,000 | 420,000 | 612,000 |37.8 |15.4 |22.4 |5.75 |117.8 |- |1971 | 1,046,000 | 420,000 | 625,000 |37.5 |15.1 |22.4 |5.68 |115.9 |- |1972 | 1,056,000 | 424,000 | 632,000 |37.0 |14.9 |22.1 |5.59 |113.8 |- |1973 | 1,066,000 | 426,000 | 640,000 |36.5 |14.6 |21.9 |5.49 |111.8 |- |1974 | 1,069,000 | 427,000 | 643,000 |35.9 |14.3 |21.6 |5.38 |109.7 |- |1975 | 1,078,000 | 429,000 | 649,000 |35.5 |14.1 |21.4 |5.29 |107.8 |- |1976 | 1,088,000 | 428,000 | 659,000 |35.1 |13.8 |21.3 |5.21 |105.7 |- |1977 | 1,096,000 | 430,000 | 666,000 |34.7 |13.6 |21.1 |5.12 |103.7 |- |1978 | 1,105,000 | 435,000 | 670,000 |34.3 |13.5 |20.8 |5.02 |102.0 |- |1979 | 1,117,000 | 434,000 | 683,000 |34.0 |13.2 |20.8 |4.94 |99.9 |- |1980 | 1,122,000 | 434,000 | 687,000 |33.5 |13.0 |20.5 |4.83 |98.0 |- |1981 | 1,129,000 | 437,000 | 692,000 |33.1 |12.8 |20.3 |4.73 |96.2 |- |1982 | 1,145,000 | 439,000 | 706,000 |32.9 |12.6 |20.3 |4.67 |94.5 |- |1983 | 1,162,000 | 443,000 | 719,000 |32.8 |12.5 |20.3 |4.62 |92.8 |- |1984 | style="color:blue"|1,169,000 | 447,000 | style="color:blue"|722,000 |32.3 |12.4 |20.0 |4.50 |91.3 |- |1985 | 1,153,000 | 450,000 | 702,000 |31.3 |12.2 |19.1 |4.30 |89.9 |- |1986 | 1,133,000 | 452,000 | 681,000 |30.2 |12.0 |18.1 |4.09 |88.4 |- |1987 | 1,112,000 | 453,000 | 659,000 |29.1 |11.8 |17.2 |3.89 |87.0 |- |1988 | 1,094,000 | 459,000 | 636,000 |28.1 |11.8 |16.4 |3.71 |85.5 |- |1989 | 1,102,000 | 455,000 | 646,000 |27.9 |11.5 |16.4 |3.64 |83.9 |- |1990 | 1,102,000 | 461,000 | 641,000 |27.5 |11.5 |16.0 |3.54 |82.3 |- |1991 | 1,101,000 | 461,000 | 640,000 |27.0 |11.3 |15.7 |3.45 |80.8 |- |1992 | 1,096,000 | 462,000 | 634,000 |26.6 |11.2 |15.4 |3.36 |79.1 |- |1993 | 1,092,000 | 461,000 | 631,000 |26.1 |11.0 |15.1 |3.28 |77.3 |- |1994 | 1,082,000 | 461,000 | 621,000 |25.5 |10.9 |14.7 |3.19 |75.6 |- |1995 | 1,072,000 | 461,000 | 611,000 |25.0 |10.7 |14.2 |3.11 |74.0 |- |1996 | 1,068,000 | 452,000 | 616,000 |24.6 |10.4 |14.2 |3.04 |72.2 |- |1997 | 1,059,000 | 453,000 | 606,000 |24.1 |10.3 |13.8 |2.96 |70.6 |- |1998 | 1,051,000 | 448,000 | 603,000 |23.6 |10.1 |13.5 |2.89 |69.0 |- |1999 | 1,046,000 | 454,000 | 592,000 |23.2 |10.1 |13.1 |2.83 |67.4 |- |2000 | 1,046,000 | 456,000 | 590,000 |22.9 |10.0 |12.9 |2.79 |65.9 |- |2001 | 1,059,000 | 458,000 | 601,000 |23.0 |9.9 |13.0 |2.78 |64.3 |- |2002 | 1,071,000 | 460,000 | 612,000 |23.0 |9.9 |13.1 |2.78 |62.8 |- |2003 | 1,054,000 | 461,000 | 593,000 |22.4 |9.8 |12.6 |2.70 |61.1 |- |2004 | 1,033,000 | 462,000 | 571,000 |21.8 |9.7 |12.0 |2.62 |59.5 |- |2005 | 1,016,000 | 460,000 | 556,000 |21.3 |9.6 |11.6 |2.55 |57.8 |- |2006 | 1,004,000 | 461,000 | 543,000 |20.8 |9.6 |11.3 |2.50 |56.0 |- |2007 | 1,000,000 | 457,000 | 543,000 |20.6 |9.4 |11.2 |2.48 |54.2 |- |2008 | 984,000 | style="color:red"|593,000 | 391,000 |20.2 |12.1 |8.0 |2.43 |62.8 |- |2009 | 973,000 | 451,000 | 521,000 |19.8 |9.2 |10.6 |2.39 |50.5 |- |2010 | 960,000 | 456,000 | 504,000 |19.4 |9.2 |10.2 |2.35 |48.7 |- |2011 | 952,000 | 450,000 | 502,000 |19.1 |9.0 |10.1 |2.31 |46.9 |- |2012 | 943,000 | 453,000 | 489,000 |18.8 |9.0 |9.7 |2.27 |45.2 |- |2013 | 941,000 | 446,000 | 495,000 |18.6 |8.8 |9.8 |2.26 |43.5 |- |2014 | 941,000 | 450,000 | 491,000 |18.4 |8.8 |9.6 |2.24 |42.0 |- |2015 | 948,000 | 447,000 | 501,000 |18.4 |8.7 |9.7 |2.25 |40.7 |- |2016 | 952,000 | 455,000 | 497,000 |18.3 |8.8 |9.6 |2.25 |39.4 |- |2017 | 949,000 | 461,000 | 488,000 |18.1 |8.8 |9.3 |2.23 |38.1 |- |2018 | 942,000 | 455,000 | 488,000 |17.9 |style="color:blue"|8.6 |9.2 |2.21 |36.9 |- |2019 | 938,000 | 461,000 | 476,000 |17.7 |8.7 |9.0 |2.20 |35.7 |- |2020 | 928,000 | 471,000 | 457,000 |17.4 |8.8 |8.5 |2.17 |34.6 |- |2021 | 920,000 | 526,000 | 395,000 |style="color:red"|17.1 |9.8 |style="color:red|7.3 |style="color:red"|2.15 |33.7 |- | colspan = "9"| <sup>1</sup> <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births</small> |} ===Demographic and Health Surveys=== {{Further|List of townships of Myanmar by total fertility rate}} Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):<ref name="dhsprogram">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR324/FR324.pdf|date=15 March 2017|title=Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084948/http://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR324/FR324.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2| Year ! colspan=2| Total ! colspan=2| Urban ! colspan=2| Rural |- ! CBR !! TFR ! CBR !! TFR ! CBR !! TFR |- | 2015–2016 | style="text-align:right;"| 18 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.3 (2.0) | style="text-align:right;"| 16 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.9 (1.7) | style="text-align:right;"| 18.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.4 (2.1) |- |} [[Birth rate|Crude Birth Rate]] (CBR), [[total fertility rate|Total Fertility Rate]] (TFR), and Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) by region (2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census):<ref name="themimu">{{cite web|url=http://www.themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Census_Union_Report_Eng_2015.pdf|date=10 April 2015|title=The Union Report : Census Report Volume 2|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021040/http://www.themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Census_Union_Report_Eng_2015.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Region !! Crude Birth Rate (CBR) !! Total Fertility Rate (TFR) !! Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) |- | Total (Myanmar) || 18.8 || 2.29 || 4.0 |- | ''Urban'' || 15.8 || 1.79 || 3.6 |- | ''Rural'' || 20.1 || 2.52 || 4.2 |- |[[Kachin State|Kachin]]|| 22.0 || 2.82 || 5.1 |- |[[Kayah State|Kayah]]|| 26.1 || 3.34 || 5.7 |- |[[Kayin State|Kayin]]|| 23.8 || 3.43 || 5.4 |- |[[Chin State|Chin]]|| 29.9 || 4.37 || 6.9 |- |[[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]]|| 19.4 || 2.32 || 4.4 |- |[[Tanintharyi Region|Tanintharyi]]|| 21.9 || 2.98 || 5.0 |- |[[Bago Region|Bago]]|| 17.6 || 2.19 || 3.6 |- |[[Magway Region|Magway]]|| 17.6 || 2.07 || 3.8 |- |[[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]]|| 16.9 || 1.94 || 3.7 |- |[[Mon State|Mon]]|| 18.1 || 2.44 || 4.2 |- |[[Rakhine State|Rakhine]]|| 18.0 || 2.24 || 3.5 |- |[[Yangon Region|Yangon]]|| 15.5 || 1.72 || 3.3 |- |[[Shan State|Shan]]|| 21.2 || 2.67 || 4.3 |- |[[Ayeyarwady Region|Ayeyawady]]|| 20.2 || 2.58 || 4.1 |- |[[Naypyidaw|Naypyitaw]]|| 18.7 || 2.15 || 3.4 |} === Life expectancy === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Period !Life expectancy in<br />Years !Period !Life expectancy in<br />Years |- |1950–1955 |36.1 |1985–1990 |57.8 |- |1955–1960 |41.3 |1990–1995 |59.6 |- |1960–1965 |44.2 |1995–2000 |61.3 |- |1965–1970 |49.6 |2000–2005 |62.9 |- |1970–1975 |51.9 |2005–2010 |64.3 |- |1975–1980 |54.0 |2010–2015 |66.0 |- |1980–1985 |56.0 | | |} Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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