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Demographics of India
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== Languages == {{Main|List of languages by number of native speakers in India}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Top 30 Languages of India by number of native speakers from 1971 to 2011 (includes Non-scheduled languages)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues β 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|date=6 February 2012}}, Census of India, 2001</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues β 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101000000/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|date=1 January 2022}}, Census of India, 2011</ref> |- ! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Rank ! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Language ! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Language Family ! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (1971) ! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (1981) ! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (1991) ! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (2001) ! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (2011) |- | 1 | [[Hindi]]{{refn|group=note|Includes [[Bihari languages]], [[Rajasthani languages|Bajri Rajasthani languages]], [[Pahari language (name)|Pahari]], [[Awadhi language]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language]], [[Banjar language|Banjari Language]]. A total of 12 types.}} | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 202,767,971 | style="text-align: right;" | 257,749,009 | style="text-align: right;" | 329,505,193 | style="text-align: right;" | 422,048,642 | style="text-align: right;" | 528,347,193 |- | 2 | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 44,792,312 | style="text-align: right;" | 51,298,319 | style="text-align: right;" | 69,595,738 | style="text-align: right;" | 83,369,769 | style="text-align: right;" | 97,237,669 |- | 3 | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 44,756,923 | style="text-align: right;" | 50,624,611 | style="text-align: right;" | 66,017,615 | style="text-align: right;" | 74,002,856 | style="text-align: right;" | 81,127,740 |- | 4 | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 41,765,190 | style="text-align: right;" | 49,452,922 | style="text-align: right;" | 62,481,681 | style="text-align: right;" | 71,936,894 | style="text-align: right;" | 83,026,680 |- | 5 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 37,690,106 | style="text-align: right;" | - | style="text-align: right;" | 53,006,368 | style="text-align: right;" | 60,793,814 | style="text-align: right;" | 69,026,881 |- | 6 | [[Urdu]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 28,620,895 | style="text-align: right;" | 34,941,435 | style="text-align: right;" | 43,406,932 | style="text-align: right;" | 51,536,111 | style="text-align: right;" | 50,772,631 |- | 7 | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 25,865,012 | style="text-align: right;" | 33,063,267 | style="text-align: right;" | 40,695,370 | style="text-align: right;" | 46,091,617 | style="text-align: right;" | 55,492,554 |- | 8 | [[Kannada]] | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 21,710,649 | style="text-align: right;" | 25,697,146 | style="text-align: right;" | 32,753,676 | style="text-align: right;" | 37,924,011 | style="text-align: right;" | 43,706,512 |- | 9 | [[Malayalam]] | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 21,938,760 | style="text-align: right;" | 25,700,705 | style="text-align: right;" | 30,377,176 | style="text-align: right;" | 33,066,392 | style="text-align: right;" | 34,838,819 |- | 10 | [[Odia language|Odia]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 19,863,198 | style="text-align: right;" | 23,021,528 | style="text-align: right;" | 28,061,313 | style="text-align: right;" | 33,017,446 | style="text-align: right;" | 37,521,324 |- | 11 | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 14,108,443 | style="text-align: right;" | 19,611,199 | style="text-align: right;" | 23,378,744 | style="text-align: right;" | 29,102,477 | style="text-align: right;" | 33,124,726 |- | 12 | [[Assamese language|Assamese]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 8,959,558 | style="text-align: right;" | - | style="text-align: right;" | 13,079,696 | style="text-align: right;" | 13,168,484 | style="text-align: right;" | 15,311,351 |- | 13 | [[Maithili language|Maithili]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 6,130,026 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,522,265 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,766,921 | style="text-align: right;" | 12,179,122 | style="text-align: right;" | 13,583,464 |- | 14 | [[Bhili language|Bhili/Bhilodi]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 3,399,285 | style="text-align: right;" | 4,293,314 | style="text-align: right;" | 5,572,308 | style="text-align: right;" | 9,582,957 | style="text-align: right;" | 10,413,637 |- | 15 | [[Santali language|Santali]] | bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 3,786,899 | style="text-align: right;" | 4,332,511 | style="text-align: right;" | 5,216,325 | style="text-align: right;" | 6,469,600 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,368,192 |- | 16 | [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 2,495,487 | style="text-align: right;" | 3,176,975 | style="text-align: right;" | - | style="text-align: right;" | 5,527,698 | style="text-align: right;" | 6,797,587 |- | 17 | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,419,835 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,360,636 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,076,645 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,871,749 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,926,168 |- | 18 | [[Gondi language|Gondi]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,688,284 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,913,262 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,124,852 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,713,790 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,984,453 |- | 19 | [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,676,875 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,044,389 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,122,848 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,535,485 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,772,264 |- | 20 | [[Konkani language|Konkani]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,508,432 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,570,108 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,760,607 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,489,015 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,256,502 |- | 21 || [[Dogri language|Dogri]] | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,299,143 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,530,616 | style="text-align: right;" | - | style="text-align: right;" | 2,282,589 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,596,767 |- | 22 || [[Khandeshi]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 251,896 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,216,789 | style="text-align: right;" | 973,709 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,075,258 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,860,236 |- | 23 || [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,235,665 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,333,670 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,426,618 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,751,489 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,988,350 |- | 24 || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 1,158,419 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,417,224 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,552,259 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,722,768 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,846,427 |- | 25 || [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (Manipuri) | bgcolor="yellow" | <span style="color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;">Sino-Tibetan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 791,714 | style="text-align: right;" | 901,407 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,270,216 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,466,705 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,761,079 |- | 26 || [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] | bgcolor="yellow" | <span style="color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;">Sino-Tibetan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 556,576 | style="text-align: right;" | - | style="text-align: right;" | 1,221,881 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,350,478 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,482,929 |- | 27 || [[Khasi language|Khasi]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 479,028 | style="text-align: right;" | 628,846 | style="text-align: right;" | 912,283 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,128,575 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,431,344 |- | 28 || [[Mundari language|Mundari]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 771,253 | style="text-align: right;" | 742,739 | style="text-align: right;" | 861,378 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,061,352 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,128,228 |- | 29 || [[Ho language|Ho]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 751,389 | style="text-align: right;" | 783,301 | style="text-align: right;" | 949,216 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,042,724 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,421,418 |- | 30 || [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]] Non-scheduled | bgcolor="yellow" | <span style="color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;">Sino-Tibetan</span> | style="text-align: right;" | 372,579 | style="text-align: right;" | 502,067 | style="text-align: right;" | 694,940 | style="text-align: right;" | 854,023 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,011,294 |} {{Image frame|content=[[File:South Asian Language Families.jpg|250px]]|align=right|caption=Map of South Asian language families}} {{Pie chart | caption=Mother tongue languages of India ([[2011 Indian Census|2011]]) | label1=[[Hindi]]|value1=26.6 | | label2=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value2=7.94 | label3=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|value3=6.84 | label4=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|value4=6.68 | label5=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|value5=5.69 | label6=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|value6=4.55 | label7=[[Urdu]]|value7=4.19 | label8=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|value8=4.18 | label9=[[Kannada language|Kannada]]|value9=3.59 | label10=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|value10=2.87 | label11=Others|value11=26.87}} According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke [[Hindi]] natively, while the rest spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Oriya language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|specified in the Eighth Schedule]] of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], while 100 are non-specified. The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and [[Purul]] subdivisions of [[Senapati District]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results.
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