Editing David (Michelangelo) (section)

===Later history===
In 1525 the block of marble intended to be the [[Pendant (art)|pendant]] for the ''David'' fell off a barge into the river Arno as it was being transported to Florence. Vasari wrote that it had jumped into the river in despair when it heard that [[Baccio Bandinelli]] would be carving it rather than Michelangelo, to whom the commission for a colossal statue of ''Hercules and Cacus'' at the entrance to the Palazzo della Signoria had originally been given.<ref name="Zirpolo202020">{{cite book |last1=Zirpolo |first1=Lilian H. |title=Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works |year=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2304-1 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTXsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref><ref name="Smithers2022219">{{cite book |last1=Smithers |first1=Tamara |title=The Cults of Raphael and Michelangelo: Artistic Sainthood and Memorials as a Second Life |year=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62438-0 |chapter=Michelangelo's Suicidal Stone |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shN1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT219 |page=219}}</ref>

[[File:Moving Michelangelo's statue of David from Piazza della Signoria to Galleria.jpg|thumb|300px|Moving the ''David'' from Piazza della Signoria to the Galleria dell'Accademia]]
In the mid-1800s, small cracks were noticed on the left leg on the ''David'', which can possibly be attributed to an uneven sinking of the ground under the massive statue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Borri|first=A.|year=2006|title=Diagnostic analysis of the lesions and stability of Michelangelo's David|journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage|volume=7|issue=4|pages=273–285|doi=10.1016/j.culher.2006.06.004}}</ref>
In 1873, it was removed from the piazza to protect it from damage, and was moved to the [[Galleria dell'Accademia|Accademia Gallery]] where it would attract many visitors. The sculpture was secured in a wheeled wooden crate, and moved slowly across the city from 30 July to 10 August that year. Its 16th-century base, said to be decrepit in contemporary reports, was lost when the crate was disassembled. A model of the crate is in the Museo di Casa Buonarroti, the house-museum in Florence's Via Ghibellina where Michelangelo lived. The statue was not placed in its permanent setting in the Accademia until 1882. The architect Emilio De Fabris, professor at the Accademia, designed a [[Tribune (architecture)#Meanings|tribune]] to house the ''David'' in a vaulted interior [[exedra]], towards the apse, where it was bathed in light that streamed in through windows in the dome above.<ref name="PaolucciAmendola2006" /> A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.<ref name="Poeschke1996">{{cite book |last1=Poeschke |first1=Joachim |title=Michelangelo and His World: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance |year=1996 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-8109-4276-9 |pages=85–86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inNgQgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>Coonin 2014, p. 89</ref>

In 1991, Piero Cannata, an artist whom the police described as deranged, attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket and damaged the second toe of the left foot. He later said that a 16th-century Venetian painter's model ordered him to do so. Cannata was restrained by museum patrons until the police arrived.<ref name=damage>"a man the police described as deranged, broke part of a toe with a hammer, saying a 16th century Venetian painter's model ordered him to do so." Cowell, Alan. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3DC103CF936A2575AC0A967958260 "Michelangelo's David Is Damaged"], ''New York Times'', 1991-09-15. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.</ref>  Fragments fell to the floor, and three tourists were caught by guards as they were trying to leave the gallery with pieces in their pockets.<ref name="Smithers2022">{{cite book |last1=Smithers |first1=Tamara |title=The Cults of Raphael and Michelangelo: Artistic Sainthood and Memorials as a Second Life |year=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62438-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shN1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |page=62}}</ref>

The state of preservation of the ''David'' has been monitored and evaluated since 2000 using high-resolution [[3D scanning]], [[photogrammetry]], [[Finite element method in structural mechanics|finite element method]] (FEM)  analyses, and ''[[in situ]]'' fracture monitoring through fibre optic [[Fiber Bragg grating|Bragg gratings]]. These observations have shown that in its present vertical orientation, with the basal [[plinth]] horizontal, the centre of gravity of the base does not align with the ''David'''s centre of gravity. Nevertheless, FEM analysis suggests that the statue is stable in its current position and indicates that its forward inclination of 1 degree to 3 degrees has played a major part in the development of cracks in the ankles.

[[File:Florence, Italy - panoramio (73).jpg|thumb|left|The Pallazzo Vecchio today, with the ''[[Fountain of Neptune, Florence|Fountain of Neptune]]'' (1560 and 1574) and other sculptural works]]
In 2006, Borri and Grazini, using historical analysis and a finite element model of the ''David'', identified the probable cause of the cracks in its legs as a slight forward inclination of the statue that developed after the flood of 1844 in Florence.<ref name="Miccinesi et al. 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Miccinesi |first1=Lapo |last2=Beni |first2=Alessandra |last3=Monchetti |first3=Silvia |last4=Betti |first4=Michele |last5=Borri |first5=Claudio |last6=Pieraccini |first6=Massimiliano |title=Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of the Floor of the Accademia Gallery (Florence, Italy) |journal=Remote Sensing |date=26 March 2021 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1273 |doi=10.3390/rs13071273 |url=https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-01273/article_deploy/remotesensing-13-01273-v2.pdf?version=1617937220 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021RemS...13.1273M }}</ref> The statue being located outdoors in front of the Palazzo della Signoria (Palazzo Vecchio) from 1504 to 1873, this inclination likely occurred because of the "uneven subsidence and rotation of the statue's foundations".<ref name="Corti et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Corti |first1=Giacomo |last2=Costagliola |first2=Pilario |last3=Bonini |first3=Marco |last4=Benvenuti |first4=Marco |last5=Pecchioni |first5=Elena |last6=Vaiani |first6=Alberto |last7=Landucci |first7=Francesco |title=Modelling the failure mechanisms of Michelangelo's David through small-scale centrifuge experiments |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |date=January 2015 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2014.03.001 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/45305374/Modelling_the_failure_mechanisms_of_Mich20160503-13640-1jw06pe.pdf}}</ref> Further damage occurred with the additional weight placed on the statue when, in 1847,<ref name="Pieraccini et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Pieraccini |first1=Massimiliano |last2=Betti |first2=Michele |last3=Forcellini |first3=Davide |last4=Dei |first4=Devis |last5=Papi |first5=Federico |last6=Bartoli |first6=Gianni |last7=Facchini |first7=Luca |last8=Corazzi |first8=Riccardo |last9=Kovacevic |first9=Vladimir Cerisano |title=Radar detection of pedestrian-induced vibrations on Michelangelo's David |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 April 2017 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=e0174480 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174480 |pmid=28394932 |pmc=5386262 |language=en |issn=1932-6203 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1274480P }}</ref> Clemente Papi made a plaster mould composed of more than 1,500 separate segments, some weighing as much as 680&nbsp;kg.<ref name="Paoletti2015114">{{cite book |last1=Paoletti |first1=John T. |title=Michelangelo's David: Florentine History and Civic Identity |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-24013-7 |page=114 |chapter=Naked Men in Piazza |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FuXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT114}}</ref> The sculpture was also inclined on other occasions, such as when it was moved in 1873 to its placement in the Galleria dell'Accademia,<ref name="Corti et al. 2015"/> after which the tilt was corrected.<ref name="Pieraccini et al. 2017"/> [[Ultrasound|Ultrasonic]] crack assessment tests carried out by Pascale and Lolli in 2014 determined that cracks in the ''broncone'', the tree trunk against which the ''David'''s right leg rests, are the most worrisome of those in the statue. The left ankle and the area where the left heel and the base are attached also show cracks of critical concern.<ref name="PascaleLolli">{{cite journal |last1=Pascale |first1=Giovanni |last2=Lolli |first2=Antonio |title=Crack assessment in marble sculptures using ultrasonic measurements: Laboratory tests and application on the statue of David by Michelangelo |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |date=1 November 2015 |volume=16 |issue=6 |page=820 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2015.02.005 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/45305374/Modelling_the_failure_mechanisms_of_Mich20160503-13640-1jw06pe.pdf |issn=1296-2074}}</ref>

Some scholars have suggested that the relative weakness caused by the cracks in its legs could make the statue vulnerable to the vibrations of foot traffic from visitors to the gallery. Nearly a million and a half tourists (about four thousand people each day it is open) visit the Accademia Gallery annually to see the ''David''. In 2015, Pieraccini et al. measured its dynamic movements with [[Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar#Terrestrial or ground-based|interferometric radar]]. Measurements were made of such displacements on two days: Monday, 27 July and Tuesday, 28 July 2015;<ref name="Pieraccini et al. 2017"/> on Monday the Accademia is closed, while Tuesday is statistically the peak attendance day. Their results did not show a significant increase in the vibration amplitude on days the Accademia was open, compared to days it was closed.<ref name="Miccinesi et al. 2021"/>

In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of ''David'' arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the municipality of Florence claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the Italian Culture Ministry, which disputes the municipal claim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Owns Michelangelo's 'David'?|first=Elisabetta|last=Povoledo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/world/europe/01david.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 August 2010|access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Florence vs Italy: Michelangelo's David at centre of ownership row|first=Nick|last=Pisa|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7946627/Florence-vs-Italy-Michelangelos-David-at-centre-of-ownership-row.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7946627/Florence-vs-Italy-Michelangelos-David-at-centre-of-ownership-row.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (London)|date=16 August 2010|access-date=1 September 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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