Editing Cyprus (section)

===Ottoman Cyprus===
{{Main|Ottoman Cyprus}}
[[File:Atlas Ortelius KB PPN369376781-073av-073br.jpg|thumb|left|''Cypri insvla nova descript 1573'', Ioannes á Deutecum f[ecit]. Map of Cyprus newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom, 1573.]]
In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus [[Cyprus massacre|massacred]] many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |editor=Eric Solsten |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |location=Washington |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |date=1991 |website=Countrystudies.us |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I.&nbsp;B. Tauris |date=30 June 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=1 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref> Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{citation |last=Orhonlu |first=Cengiz |year=2010 |chapter=The Ottoman Turks Settle in Cyprus |title=The First International Congress of Cypriot Studies: Presentations of the Turkish Delegation |editor1-last=Inalcık |editor1-first=Halil |page=99 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Turkish Culture}}</ref> This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.<ref>{{citation |last=Jennings |first=Ronald |year=1993 |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |page=232 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4181-8}}</ref>
[[File:Buyuk Han, Nicosia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Büyük Han]], a [[caravanserai]] in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.]]
The Ottomans abolished the [[feudal]] system previously in place and applied the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet system]] to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the [[Church of Cyprus]] was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the [[Catholic Church]]'s constant expansion efforts on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |title=Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica) |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website |first=William |last=Mallinson |format=PDF |language=es |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133438/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.<ref name="Ottoman">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm Cyprus – Ottoman Rule] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |date=17 January 2013}}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref>

The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.<ref>{{citation |last=Hatay |first=Mete |year=2007 |title=Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking?|url=http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |page=19 |publisher=International Peace Research Institute |isbn=978-82-7288-244-9 |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702022552/https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.<ref>''Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914'' by [[Kemal Karpat]], {{ISBN|975-333-169-X}} and ''Die Völker des Osmanischen'' by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.</ref> The Muslim population included numerous [[crypto-Christians]],<ref name="Jennings 1992">{{cite book |author=Ronald Jennings |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |date=1 August 1992 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4318-8 |pages=596– |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> including the [[Linobambaki]], a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities;<ref name="Jennings 1992"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Captain A.&nbsp;R. Savile|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130|year=1878 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=130 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chrysostomos Pericleous |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |year=2009 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |page=131 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911014545/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As soon as the [[Greek War of Independence]] broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, [[Kyprianos of Cyprus|Kyprianos]], and four other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical dictionary of Cyprus |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |pages=xxvii, 124 |edition=[Online-Ausg.]. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC}}</ref> In 1828, modern Greece's first president [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]] called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.<ref>{{cite book |author1=William Mallinson |author2=Bill Mallinson |title=Cyprus: a modern history |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall |url-access=limited |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year= 2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall/page/n30 10]|isbn=978-1-85043-580-8}}</ref> Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fueled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of ''[[enosis|union]]'' with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Ottoman" />

Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=51 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>