Editing Crime of passion (section)

==By country==

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], as in other [[common law]] jurisdictions, crimes of passion have traditionally been subjected to the partial defense of [[Provocation (legal)|provocation]], which converts what would have been [[murder]] into [[manslaughter]]. In the early 21st Century, the defence of provocation came under increased criticism,<ref name="nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |title=Provocation and self-defence in intimate partner and sexual advance homicides: Briefing Paper No 5/2012 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/F2BA1BFEED2D87EECA257A4800001BD7/$File/briefing%20paper.provocation%20and%20self-defence.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623052433/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/F2BA1BFEED2D87EECA257A4800001BD7/%24File/briefing%20paper.provocation%20and%20self-defence.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-23 |access-date=2014-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://anj.sagepub.com/content/45/2/194.abstract|title=Provocation in New South Wales: The need for abolition|year=2012|doi=10.1177/0004865812443681|last1=Fitz-Gibbon|first1=Kate|journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology|volume=45|issue=2|pages=194–213|s2cid=144833987|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016033847/http://anj.sagepub.com/content/45/2/194.abstract|url-status=live}}</ref> and, as a result, legal changes have abolished or restricted its application: in 2003, [[Tasmania]] became the first state to abolish the partial defence of provocation in murder charges; the next state to abolish it was [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], in 2005; followed by [[Western Australia]] in 2008;<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> and by [[South Australia]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://johnstonwithers.com.au/south-australia-abolishes-the-defence-of-provocation/ |title=South Australia abolishes the defence of provocation |access-date=2021-11-05 |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105214210/https://johnstonwithers.com.au/south-australia-abolishes-the-defence-of-provocation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] and [[Northern Territory]] have amended the laws to exclude non-violent homosexual sexual advances, in 2004 and 2006, respectively.<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> In [[Queensland]] the partial defense of provocation in section 304(1) of the Criminal Code was amended in 2011, in order to "reduce the scope of the defence being available to those who kill out of sexual possessiveness or jealousy".<ref name="nsw.gov.au"/> In 2014, the [[New South Wales]] law on provocation was amended to provide that the provocative conduct of the deceased must also have constituted a serious indictable offense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/s23.html|title=CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 23 Trial for murder-partial defence of extreme provocation|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2015-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506070531/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/s23.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Brazil===
{{Further|Women in Brazil|Domestic violence in Brazil}}
Killing of wives due to adultery has been traditionally treated very leniently in [[Brazil]], in court cases where husbands claimed the "legitimate defense of their honor" (''legitima defesa da honra'') as justification for the killing. Although this defense was not explicitly stipulated in the 20th-century Criminal Code, it has been successfully pleaded by lawyers throughout the 20th century, in particular in the countryside, though less so in the coastal big cities. In 1991 Brazil's Supreme Court explicitly rejected the "honor defense" as having no basis in Brazilian law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/29/us/honor-killing-of-wives-is-outlawed-in-brazil.html|title='Honor' Killing of Wives Is Outlawed in Brazil|date=29 March 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209213050/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/29/us/honor-killing-of-wives-is-outlawed-in-brazil.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/738-decriminalization-of-adultery-and-defenses.html|title=Decriminalization of adultery and defenses|access-date=2014-05-27|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410201544/http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/738-decriminalization-of-adultery-and-defenses.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/Diana/fulltext/nels.htm |title=The Defense of Honor: Is it Still Honored in Brazil? |access-date=2015-03-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601004331/http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/Diana/fulltext/nels.htm |archive-date=2015-06-01 }}</ref>

In the 21st century, Brazil has improved the legal status of women, with the new Civil Code of 2002;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-12-fg-brazil12-story.html |title=Civil Code Corrects Gender Inequities in Brazil - Los Angeles Times |website=www.latimes.com |date=12 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121034537/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-12-fg-brazil12-story.html |archive-date=2022-01-21 |url-status=}}</ref> and through other legal changes such as repealing in 2005 the provision that exempted a rapist from punishment if he married his victim,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/738-decriminalization-of-adultery-and-defenses.html |title=Decriminalization of adultery and defenses |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029045225/https://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/738-decriminalization-of-adultery-and-defenses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and enacting laws against [[domestic violence in Brazil]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===France===
[[File:Alexandre_Dumas_fils.jpg|thumb|250px|[[French literature]] of the 19th century often justified crimes of passion, as is the case of witter [[Alexandre Dumas fils]], and influenced the views of the upper classes, including those sitting on juries, about such homicides.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.fabula.org/colloques/document1296.php | title=Les arguties d'un moraliste :La Femme de Claude d'Alexandre Dumas fils | journal=Acta Fabula | date=30 October 2010 | last1=Huet-Brichard | first1=Marie-Catherine }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623654/ | pmid=11623654 | date=1999 | last1=Lieberman | first1=L. | title=Crimes of reason, crimes of passion: Suicide and the adulterous woman in nineteenth-century France | journal=Journal of Family History | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=131–147 | doi=10.1177/036319909902400201 | s2cid=10012012 }}</ref>]]
{{Main|French Penal Code of 1810}}
Crimes of passion have a strong association with France. Prior to 1975, the French Penal Code of 1810 stated at article 324 that "in the case of adultery, provided for by article 336, murder committed upon the wife as well as upon her accomplice, at the moment when the husband shall have caught them in the fact, in the house where the husband and wife dwell, is excusable" [meaning a punishment of 1 to 5 years, according to article 326].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode3b.html |title=France: Penal Code of 1810 |access-date=2021-09-17 |archive-date=2021-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917200115/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode3b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In practice, however, many domestic violence crimes resulted in acquittal by the juries, which alarmed jurists and led them to question whether the citizen jurors of the Third Republic were competent to render justice.<ref name="researchgate.net"/> In the 1960s and 70s the attitudes towards domestic violence started to change, as in other European countries. On November 7, 1975, Law no. 617/75 Article 17 repealed Article 324. Many countries, including some western countries like [[Belgium]], were legally influenced by the Article 324. Prior to 1997, Belgian law provided for mitigating circumstances in the case of a killing or assault against a spouse caught in the act of adultery.<ref>http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/36305/1/ULg-Liber%20amicorum%20Bosly%20-%20Masset.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084649/http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/36305/1/ULg-Liber%20amicorum%20Bosly%20-%20Masset.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.violenceentrepartenaires.be/fr/informations_generales/en_savoir_plus/que_dit_la_loi/violence_dans_couple|title=La loi du 24 novembre 1997 visant a combattre la violence au sein du couple - Violence entre partenaires - Comment s'en sortir ?|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331093232/http://www.violenceentrepartenaires.be/fr/informations_generales/en_savoir_plus/que_dit_la_loi/violence_dans_couple|archive-date=2016-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=July 2017}} In [[Luxembourg]], Article 413 (repealed in 2003) provided mitigating circumstances for murder, assault and injury of an adulterous spouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome of the 23rd Special Session of the General Assembly (2000) |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/LUXEMBOURG-English.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122122326/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/LUXEMBOURG-English.pdf |archive-date=2004-11-22 |access-date=2017-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/0148/a148.pdf|title=Mémorial A n° 148 de 2003 - Legilux|website=www.legilux.public.lu|access-date=2016-01-23|archive-date=2015-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008060840/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/0148/a148.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Article 324 of the French penal code was copied by [[Middle Eastern]] [[Arab]] countries. According to the Honour Based Violence Awareness Network, the penal codes that were enacted under the [[Napoleonic Empire]] influenced the development of laws in North Africa and the Middle East. These laws permit reduced sentences for murders that are "related to honour".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/|title=Honour Killings By Region|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/|url-status=live}}</ref> The French Article 324 inspired [[Jordan]]'s Article 340 and Article 98.<ref>Stefanie Eileen Nanes, “Fighting Honor Crimes: Evidence of Civil Society in Jordan,” Middle East Journal, vol. 57, no.1 (Winter 2003), p. 6.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sheeley|first1=Ellen R.|title=Reclaiming Honor in Jordan: A National Public Opinion Survey on "honor" Killings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCO3LQAACAAJ&q=Reclaiming+Honor+in+Jordan|year=2007|publisher=Author|isbn=978-9957-8607-0-7|access-date=2021-09-17|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225075618/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCO3LQAACAAJ&q=Reclaiming+Honor+in+Jordan|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1858 Ottoman Penal Code's Article 188 was also inspired by Article 324. Both the French Article 324 and Ottoman article 188 were drawn on to create Jordan's Article 340, which was retained after a 1944 revision of laws, and still applies to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/articles_and_books/intrafamily_femicide_in_defence_of_honour_the_case_of_jordan/|title=ISIS - Center for Inquiry|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410232904/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/articles_and_books/intrafamily_femicide_in_defence_of_honour_the_case_of_jordan/|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=isp_collection|title=Gender Based Violence in Jordan: Domestic Violence and Honor Crimes|access-date=2019-11-05|archive-date=2016-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128152041/http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=isp_collection|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes Of Honor And The Construction Of Gender In Arab Societies |url=http://www.comparativelawreview.com/ojs/index.php/CoLR/article/viewFile/18/22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929191232/http://www.comparativelawreview.com/ojs/index.php/colr/article/viewfile/18/22 |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2016-01-06}}</ref>

The Napoleonic Code has been an extremely influential code. Many laws around the world have been modeled on it. The code was applied to all territories under Napoleon's control and has also influenced several other countries in Europe and South America.<ref name="history.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleonic-code-approved-in-france |title=Napoleonic Code approved in France - HISTORY |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924061941/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleonic-code-approved-in-france |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to leniency to crimes of passion, this code enshrined the unquestionable authority of men over their families and deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate children]]. It also reintroduced colonial slavery.<ref name="history.com"/> The example of the Napoleonic Code is often used in debates about [[Westernization]], [[Europeanization]] and [[imperialism]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/opinion/france-year-of-napoleon.html |title=Opinion &#124; Napoleon Isn't a Hero to Celebrate |work=The New York Times |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924061941/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/opinion/france-year-of-napoleon.html |url-status=live |last1=Daut |first1=Marlene L. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-that-napoleon-reinstated-slavery-in-france/a-57408273 |title=Remembering that Napoleon reinstated slavery in France &#124; Culture &#124; Arts, music and lifestyle reporting from Germany &#124; DW &#124; 04.05.2021 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924064644/https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-that-napoleon-reinstated-slavery-in-france/a-57408273 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Napoleonic Code was also influential in the "[[marry-your-rapist law]]s" (in force in France until 1994<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/19/lebanon-reform-rape-laws | title=Lebanon: Reform Rape Laws | date=19 December 2016 }}</ref>), which were exported to other parts of the world too.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

France also had a strong culture of [[duel|dueling]] meant to uphold honor, and France was called by [[National Geographic]] "the dueling capital of Europe".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=López |first1=Alfonso |date=2020-08-19 |title=Why France was the dueling capital of Europe |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/why-france-dueling-capital-europe |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |language=en-US |issn=0027-9358 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> This dueling culture was also exported to Latin America, and was extremely strong in [[Uruguay]] (see below the section on Uruguay). In [[Corsica]], a place influenced throughout the centuries both by Italian and French culture, there was a strong custom of [[feud|vendetta]], which required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged their family honor. Between 1821 and 1852, no fewer than 4,300 vendetta killings were perpetrated in Corsica.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/20/corsica-intrigue-crime-politics | title=On Corsica, the intrigue of crime and politics claims another life | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 October 2012 | last1=Willsher | first1=Kim }}</ref>

Stories about adulterous women, suicides and homicides committed due to 'passion', featured prominently in French literature in the 19th century, and "In literature as in life, unconventional women needed to be severely punished lest their defiant attitudes inspire further acts of rebellion".<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623654/ | pmid=11623654 | year=1999 | last1=Lieberman | first1=L. | title=Crimes of reason, crimes of passion: Suicide and the adulterous woman in nineteenth-century France | journal=Journal of Family History | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=131–147 | doi=10.1177/036319909902400201 | s2cid=10012012 }}</ref>

===Haiti===
[[Haiti]], a former French colony, had a crime of passion law similar to that of France until 2005, when it was abolished.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Secretary General's database on violence against women |url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10312&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=605 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102644/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10312&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=605 |archive-date=2013-12-24}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131224212850/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Haiti%20-%20Decree%20Law%20on%20sexual%20assault%20%28fra%29.pdf {{bare URL PDF|date=February 2024}}</ref> Adultery was also decriminalized in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Secretary General's database on violence against women |url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10312&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=605 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102644/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10312&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=605 |archive-date=2013-12-24}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131224212850/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Haiti%20-%20Decree%20Law%20on%20sexual%20assault%20%28fra%29.pdf {{bare URL PDF|date=February 2024}}</ref>

===Italy===
Italy has a long tradition of treating crimes of passion with leniency. Until 1981, the law read: "Art. 587: He who causes the death of a spouse, daughter, or sister upon discovering her in illegitimate carnal relations and in the heat of passion caused by the offence to his honour or that of his family will be sentenced to three to seven years. The same sentence shall apply to whom, in the above circumstances, causes the death of the person involved in illegitimate carnal relations with his spouse, daughter, or sister."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.surt.org/gvei/docs/national_report_italy.pdf|title=National Report: Italy|access-date=2019-11-05|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111946/http://www.surt.org/gvei/docs/national_report_italy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diritto24.ilsole24ore.com/guidaAlDiritto/codici/codicePenale/articolo/716/art-587-omicidio-e-lesione-personale-a-causa-di-onore.html|title=Omicidio e lesione personale a causa di onore|work=Diritto24|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005035902/http://www.diritto24.ilsole24ore.com/guidaAlDiritto/codici/codicePenale/articolo/716/art-587-omicidio-e-lesione-personale-a-causa-di-onore.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Portugal===
[[Portugal]] has a long tradition of tolerating, and even encouraging, crimes of passion, under the "[[legitimate defense of honor]]", which was also brought to [[Brazil]]. During the authoritarian [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime, (1933–1974) women's rights were restricted. Although improvements in tackling domestic violence have been achieved, particularly with legal reforms in 1982, lenient punishments continue to be given by judges, partly due to the strongly patriarchal ideology that still persists in the judicial system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/shock-as-murders-of-women-soar/48280|title=Shock as murders of women soar|access-date=2021-09-14|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914232206/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/shock-as-murders-of-women-soar/48280|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the Supreme Court of Justice in recent years has, in most cases, rejected the defense of "passion" in domestic homicides,<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-annals-of-criminology/article/abs/intimate-partner-homicides-passionate-crime-arguments-in-the-portuguese-supreme-court-of-justice/FF5DC6024F24D0FA12461B9DE6D0A86B|doi = 10.1017/cri.2020.24|title = Intimate Partner Homicides: "Passionate Crime" Arguments in the Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice|year = 2020|last1 = Pontedeira|first1 = Cátia|last2 = Quintas|first2 = Jorge|last3 = Walklate|first3 = Sandra|journal = International Annals of Criminology|volume = 58|issue = 2|pages = 193–216|s2cid = 231955661|access-date = 2021-09-14|archive-date = 2021-09-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914232153/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-annals-of-criminology/article/abs/intimate-partner-homicides-passionate-crime-arguments-in-the-portuguese-supreme-court-of-justice/FF5DC6024F24D0FA12461B9DE6D0A86B|url-status = live}}</ref> such defense remains open to use due to the legal framework of [[murder (Portuguese law)|murder in Portuguese law]], namely article 133. This article is very broad in scope, is subject to interpretation, and has a very low punishment of only 1 to 5 years, which due to the regulations of the Portuguese Penal Code, usually results in suspended sentences. This article, called "Privileged homicide" (''Homicídio privilegiado'') states that when the murder takes place under an understandable violent emotion, compassion, despair or other socially or morally relevant motive, such as to significantly diminish the murderer's degree of guilt, the punishment in this case is 1 to 5 years.<ref name="dre.pt">{{cite web |title=Decreto-Lei n.º 48/95 - Diário da República n.º 63/1995, Série I-A de 1995-03-15 |url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/107981223/201708230300/exportPdf/normal/1/cacheLevelPage?_LegislacaoConsolidada_WAR_drefrontofficeportlet_rp=indice.pdf |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914232155/https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/107981223/201708230300/exportPdf/normal/1/cacheLevelPage?_LegislacaoConsolidada_WAR_drefrontofficeportlet_rp=indice.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-14 |website=dre.pt}}</ref> Furthermore, the Criminal Code under Articles 71 and 72, provides guidelines to sentencing for crimes, making reference to honorabale motives and provocation by the victim.<ref name="dre.pt"/> The international GREVIO expert body which is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the [[Istanbul Convention]] by the State Parties (which include Portugal) has called on the Portuguese authorities to reform the Criminal Code, to ensure that it is compatible with article 42 of the convention,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GREVIO Baseline Evaluation Report |url=https://rm.coe.int/grevio-reprt-on-portugal/168091f16f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228031943/https://rm.coe.int/grevio-reprt-on-portugal/168091f16f |archive-date=2020-12-28 |access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref> which states that "Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that, in criminal proceedings initiated following the commission of any of the acts of violence covered by the scope of this Convention, culture, custom, religion, tradition or so‐called “honour” shall not be regarded as justification for such acts. This covers, in particular, claims that the victim has transgressed cultural, religious, social or traditional norms or customs of appropriate behaviour."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence |url=https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168046031c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708000957/https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168046031c |archive-date=2016-07-08 |access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref>

Portugal was one of the last European countries to decriminalize adultery - the adultery law (which treated female and male adultery differently) was repealed in 1982, and the punishment for female adultery in the 20th century in Portugal was one of the most severe in the Western world.<ref>The maximum punishment of 8 years that existed in Portuguese law thought the 20th century [https://eg.uc.pt/handle/10316/102748?locale=pt] was unusual for a developed country; in France, the French Penal Code of 1810 provided for a maximum of 2 years for female adultery,[https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode3b.html] reflecting the emerging 19th century trend of European countries of moving towards more lenient punishments. Culturally, in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], female [[chastity]] was seen as essential; in Spain, the adultery law was also strict, although it was more lenient than in Portugal (at the time of its repeal in 1978, in Spain the maximum penalty was 6 years; see [[Adultery in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition]]).</ref> With regard to homicide law, before 1975, the law provided for a symbolic punishment of only 6 months exile from the district for killing of a spouse or daughter under 21 caught in the act of adultery/premarital sex.<ref name="auto1">[https://eg.uc.pt/handle/10316/102748?locale=pt Amor Fati: On ‘Crimes of Passion’ in Portuguese Law]</ref> The ''Decree-Law 262/75 on 27 May 1975'' repealed article 372 of the Penal Code which provided for such mitigation;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dre.tretas.org/dre/11848/decreto-lei-262-75-de-27-de-maio | title=Decreto-lei 262/75, de 27 de Maio | date=27 May 1975 }}</ref> nevertheless courts continued to routinely use general mitigation factors to give lenient punishments for husbands who killed out of jealousy or relationship breakup throughout the 1980s and 1990s; the concept of holding women as partly responsible for crimes committed against them extended to other crimes too, such as rape and kidnapping; for example in 1989 the Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice ruled that two hitchhiking young tourists who were kidnapped and raped had contributed to the crimes committed against them.<ref name="auto1"/> It was only in the 21st century that a different attitude started to be more commonly adopted by the courts, as public and political discourse against of domestic violence started to grow.<ref name="auto1"/>

===United Kingdom===
{{Further|Murder in English law|Manslaughter in English law}}
Killing due to adultery traditionally fell under the provocation defense. In 1707, English Lord Chief Justice John Holt described the act of a man having sexual relations with another man's wife as "the highest invasion of property" and claimed, in regard to the aggrieved husband, that "a man cannot receive a higher provocation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Background Information On The Statement Issued By The Working Group On Discrimination Against Women |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WG/BackgroundNoteAdultery2.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417213254/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WG/BackgroundNoteAdultery2.doc |archive-date=2015-04-17 |access-date=2015-03-01}}</ref>

In 2009 a man was cleared of murder but convicted of manslaughter by reason of provocation for stabbing his partner and his best friend to death when he found them having sex.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hodge |first1=Katie |title=12 years for man who killed partner and lover |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/12-years-for-man-who-killed-partner-and-lover-1756688.html |access-date=16 June 2019 |work=The Independent |date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309035029/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/12-years-for-man-who-killed-partner-and-lover-1756688.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/beds/bucks/herts/8126350.stm|title=Man cleared of canal boat murders|date=30 June 2009|access-date=3 July 2016|via=bbc.co.uk|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605200107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/beds/bucks/herts/8126350.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although [[provocation in English law]] was abolished on 4 October 2010<ref>The [[Coroners and Justice Act 2009|Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010]] (S.I. 2010/816 (C. 56)), [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/816/article/6/made article 6(b)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228003423/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/816/article/6/made |date=2015-02-28 }}; and see [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100402160106/http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/coroners-justice-act-implementation-10.pdf here]</ref> by section 56(1)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/56|title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2015-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313153046/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/56|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Coroners and Justice Act 2009]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7762405.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Queen's Speech: Bill-by-bill|date=3 December 2008|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317161040/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7762405.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> it was replaced by a relatively similar by more narrowly drafted defence of "[[loss of control defence|loss of control]]" created by section 54.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/54|title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2015-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226131937/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/54|url-status=live}}</ref>

There has been considerable controversy regarding the application by the courts of the new law; although section 55<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/55|title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2015-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313145551/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/55|url-status=live}}</ref> states "(6) In determining whether a loss of self-control had a qualifying trigger (...) (c) the fact that a thing done or said constituted sexual infidelity is to be disregarded", in a controversial decision by [[Igor Judge, Baron Judge|Lord Judge]] in ''[[R v Clinton]]'' in the Court of Appeal, Lord Judge interpreted the new offence as allowing for sexual infidelity to count under the third prong of the new defence (see Baker and Zhao 2012). This decision has received heavy criticism from academics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|last2=Zhao|date=2012|title=Contributory Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Triggers in the Loss of Control Defence: A Wrong Turn on Sexual Infidelity|journal=Journal of Criminal Law|volume= 76|issue=3|pages=254–275|doi=10.1350/jcla.2012.76.3.773|s2cid=220319274}}</ref> [[Vera Baird]] has also been very critical of the decision, writing, "It seems that parliament says infidelity doesn't count and the court says it does."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/23/infidelity-plus-defence-murder|title='Infidelity plus' – the new defence against murder|last1=Baird|first1=Vera|work=The Guardian|date=23 January 2012 |access-date=2016-12-11|archive-date=2021-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902214053/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/23/infidelity-plus-defence-murder|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Uruguay===
In [[Uruguay]], crimes of passion were legally tolerated until 2017. In certain circumstances, the law exonerated a perpetrator when a killing or a battery was committed due to "passion provoked by adultery".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/478b656a2.pdf|title=Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women|access-date=2019-11-05|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204033/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/478b656a2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Article 36 of the Criminal Code provided for this:

"''Artículo 36. (La pasión provocada por el adulterio)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/Codigos/CodigoPenal/l1t2.htm |title=Código Penal |access-date=2015-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730062858/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/Codigos/CodigoPenal/l1t2.htm |archive-date=2015-07-30 }}</ref>

''La pasión provocada por el adulterio faculta al Juez para exonerar de pena por los delitos de homicidio y de lesiones, siempre que concurran los requisitos siguientes:''

:''1. Que el delito se cometa por el cónyuge que sorprendiera infraganti al otro cónyuge y que se efectúe o contra el amante.''
:''2. Que el autor tuviera buenos antecedentes y que la oportunidad para cometer el delito no hubiera sido provocada o simplemente facilitada, mediando conocimiento anterior de la infidelidad conyugal.''"

Translation:

"Article 36. (The passion provoked by adultery)

The passion provoked by adultery empowers the court to exempt from punishment for the crimes of homicide and injury, provided that the following conditions are present:
# The offense is committed by one spouse against the other spouse whom he or she has caught in the act, or against the lover.
# The perpetrator has a good record and the opportunity to commit the crime was not provoked or facilitated by prior knowledge of the marital infidelity."

Since 2013, there have been ongoing political efforts to remove this provision from the Criminal Code.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2013/11/26/1526432-uruguay-no-condena-el-homicidio-adulterio|title=Uruguay no condena el homicidio por adulterio|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2017-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923225617/http://www.infobae.com/2013/11/26/1526432-uruguay-no-condena-el-homicidio-adulterio/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uypress.net/uc_46564_1.html|title=Violencia doméstica: proponen derogar artículo 36, sobre "pasión provocada por el adulterio"|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306002031/http://uypress.net/uc_46564_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.republica.com.uy/increible-pero-cierto-nuestro-codigo-exonera-homicidio-por-adulterio/407286/|title=Nuestro Código exonera homicidio por adulterio|work=Diario La República|access-date=2015-03-01|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621024112/http://www.republica.com.uy/increible-pero-cierto-nuestro-codigo-exonera-homicidio-por-adulterio/407286/|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 22, 2017, Article 36 of the Criminal Code was modified to remove the crime of passion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19580-2017/82|title=Ley N° 19580|access-date=2021-07-27|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727233215/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19580-2017/82|url-status=live}}</ref>

Uruguay is a country where the case of violence against women has been considered a [[paradox]] and debated in the context that Uruguay is otherwise considered one of the most liberal countries in Latin America;<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/uruguays-shadow-pandemic-of-violence-against-women-is-out-of-control/ | title=Uruguay's 'shadow pandemic' of violence against women is out of control }}</ref> nevertheless, domestic violence is a very serious problem; according to a 2018 United Nations study, Uruguay has the second-highest rate of killings of women by current or former partners in Latin America, after Dominican Republic.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oig.cepal.org/es/indicadores/muerte-mujeres-ocasionada-su-pareja-o-ex-pareja-intima | title=Muerte de mujeres ocasionada por su pareja o ex-pareja íntima | date=11 January 2016 }}</ref> Despite having a reputation of being a progressive country, Uruguay has lagged behind with regard to its approach to domestic violence;<ref name="auto"/> for example, in [[Chile]], considered one of the most socially conservative countries of the region, a similar legislation permitting such crimes of passion was repealed in 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.poderjudicialtv.cl/programas/origen-del-delito/noticiero-judicial-el-origen-del-delito-femicidio/ | title=Noticiero Judicial: El origen del delito – Femicidio &#124; Poder Judicial }}</ref>

The culture of Uruguay has been strongly influenced by [[French culture]], through French immigrants in the 19th century (see [[French Uruguayans]]), and, as such, the French concept of crime of passion was brought to Uruguay (see section above on France). The French [[duel|dueling]] culture,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/why-france-dueling-capital-europe | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320151004/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/why-france-dueling-capital-europe | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 20, 2021 | title=Why France was the dueling capital of Europe | website=[[National Geographic Society]] | date=19 August 2020 }}</ref> meant to uphold [[family honor|honor]], was also exported to Latin America, and was extremely strong in Uruguay. Uruguay's honor culture has been prominent well into the 20th century, and duels survived in Uruguay until the 1970s,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/481143-los-ultimos-duelos | title=Los Últimos Duelos | date=28 November 2011 }}</ref> long after the practice had been abandoned in other parts of the Western world. Duels in Uruguay were widespread in the early 20th century, were legalized in 1920, in an unusual political move; and remained legal until 1992.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://relam.org/events/gentlemanly-jurisprudence-and-the-rule-of-law-why-dueling-was-legal-in-uruguay-from-1920-to-1992-a-talk-with-david-s-parker | title="Gentlemanly Jurisprudence and the Rule of Law: Why Dueling was Legal in Uruguay from 1920 to 1992" a talk with David S. Parker | date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>