Editing Commonwealth of the Philippines (section)

=== World War II ===
{{Main|Military history of the Philippines during World War II|Japanese occupation of the Philippines}}
{{History of the Philippines}}[[Empire of Japan|Japan]] launched a surprise [[Battle of the Philippines (1942)|attack on the Philippines]] on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the [[Philippine Army]] into the [[U.S. Army Forces Far East]], which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an [[open city]] to prevent its destruction,{{Sfn|Agoncillo|Guerrero|1970|p=390}} and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.{{sfn|Agoncillo|Guerrero|1970|p=392}} Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the [[Battle of Bataan|Bataan Peninsula]], [[Battle of Corregidor|Corregidor]], and [[Battle of Leyte|Leyte]] until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces in May 1942.{{Sfn|Lacsamana|1990|p= 168}}
[[File:Quezon Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manuel L. Quezon]] visiting [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in Washington, D.C., while in exile]]

Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to [[Corregidor]] and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the [[Omni Shoreham Hotel|Shoreham Hotel]] in Washington, D.C.{{Sfn|Agoncillo|Guerrero|1970|p= 415}} This government participated in the [[Pacific War Council]] as well as the [[Declaration by United Nations]]. Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president.<ref name="Talmon1998p295">{{Cite book |last=Talmon |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scc8EboiJX8C |title=Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-826573-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=scc8EboiJX8C&pg=PA295 295]}}</ref>

The main general headquarters of the [[Philippine Commonwealth Army]] (PCA), located on the military station in [[Ermita, Manila]], was closed down on December 24, 1941. It was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Forces when they occupied the city on January 2, 1942. Elsewhere in the country, other military posts of the PCA in [[Luzon]], the [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]] engaged in military action against the Japanese.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the [[Second Philippine Republic]], headed by President [[Jose P. Laurel]]. This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular.{{Sfn|Seekins|1993|pp=40–41}}

[[Philippine resistance against Japan|Resistance to the Japanese occupation]] continued in the Philippines. This included the ''[[Hukbalahap]]'' ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of [[Central Luzon]];{{Sfn|Seekins|1993|pp=40–41}} they attacked both the Japanese and other non-Huk guerrillas.<ref name=Sinclair2011>{{Citation |last=Sinclair |first=Peter T. II |title=Men of Destiny: The American and Filipino Guerillas During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines |date=December 1, 2011 |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a558187.pdf |work=dtic.mil |page=35 |access-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110240/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a558187.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College |quote=<!--These communist guerrillas fought against both the Japanese and other guerrilla bands. --> |archive-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> Remnants of the Philippine Army, as well as unsurrendered Americans, also successfully fought the Japanese through [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Willoughby |first1=Charles A. |url=https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents |title=Reports of General MacArthur: The campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I |last2=Prange |first2=Gordon W. |date=June 20, 2006 |publisher=Center of Military History |chapter=Chapter X Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines |lccn=66-60005 |author-link=Charles A. Willoughby |access-date=March 6, 2020 |chapter-url=https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch10.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075747/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |url-status=dead |orig-year=1966}}</ref> These efforts eventually liberated all but 12 of the 48 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]].{{Sfn|Seekins|1993|pp=40–41}}
[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines]]
[[General (United States)|General]] [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944,<ref name="US-influence" /> as did the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other [[amphibious landing]]s. The [[Philippine Constabulary]] was placed on active service with the [[Philippine Commonwealth Army]] and re-established from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, during the [[Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)|Allied liberation]] and the post–World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command.{{Sfn|Seekins|1993|p=41}} After the [[Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)|war in the Philippines]], the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946, with [[Manuel Roxas]] winning as the first president of the independent [[Republic of the Philippines]] and [[Elpidio Quirino]] winning as vice president.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}