Editing Clostridium botulinum (section)

=== Groups ===
Physiological differences and genome sequencing at 16S [[rRNA]] level support the subdivision of the ''C. botulinum'' species into groups I-IV.<ref name="ScienceDirect 2003 pp. 1407">{{cite book | title=Clostridium | chapter=Clostridium &#124; Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum | date=January 1, 2003 | doi=10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00255-8 | chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X002558 | access-date=February 19, 2021 | pages=1407–1413| publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-227055-0 | vauthors = Austin JW }}</ref> Some authors have briefly used groups V and VI, corresponding to toxin-producing ''C. baratii'' and ''C. butyricum''. What used to be group IV is now ''C. argentinense''.<ref name=Smith18/>
{| class="wikitable plainlist"
|+Phenotypic groups of toxin-producing ''Clostridium''<ref name=Dobritsa18/><ref name=Smith18/>
! Property
! Group I
! Group II
! Group III
! ''C. argentinense''
! ''C. baratii''
! ''C. butyricum''
|-
! Proteolysis (casein)
| {{yes|+}}
| {{no|-}}
| {{no|-}}
| {{yes|+}}
| {{no|-}}
| {{no|-}}
|-
! Saccharolysis
| {{no|-}}
| {{yes|+}}
| {{no|-}}
| {{no|-}}
|-
! Lipase
| {{yes|+}}
| {{yes|+}}
| {{yes|+}}
| {{no|-}}
| {{no|-}}
| {{no|-}}
|-
! Toxin Types
| A, B, F
| B, E, F
| C, D
| G
| F
| E
|-
! Toxin gene
| chromosome/plasmid
| chromosome/plasmid
| bacteriophage
| plasmid
| chromosome<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazuet C, Legeay C, Sautereau J, Bouchier C, Criscuolo A, Bouvet P, Trehard H, Jourdan Da Silva N, Popoff M | title = Characterization of Clostridium Baratii Type F Strains Responsible for an Outbreak of Botulism Linked to Beef Meat Consumption in France | journal = PLOS Currents | volume = 9 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 29862134 | pmc = 5959735 | doi = 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6ed2fe754b58a5c42d0c33d586ffc606 | doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| chromosome<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hill KK, Xie G, Foley BT, Smith TJ, Munk AC, Bruce D, Smith LA, Brettin TS, Detter JC | title = Recombination and insertion events involving the botulinum neurotoxin complex genes in Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F and Clostridium butyricum type E strains | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 66 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19804621 | pmc = 2764570 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-7-66 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
! Close relatives
|
{{plainlist|1=
* ''[[Clostridium sporogenes|C. sporogenes]]''
* ''C. combesii''
}}
|
* ''C. beijerinckii''
* ''C. butyricum''
|
* ''[[Clostridium novyi|C. novyi]]'' type A
* ''[[Clostridium haemolyticum|C. haemolyticum]]''
| colspan=3 | N/A (already a species)
|}

Although group II cannot degrade native protein such as [[casein]], coagulated [[egg white]], and cooked meat particles, it is able to degrade [[gelatin]].<ref name="Carter Peck 1957 p."/>

Human [[botulism]] is predominantly caused by group I or II ''C. botulinum''.<ref name="Carter Peck 1957 p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carter AT, Peck MW | title = Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Group II | journal = Research in Microbiology | volume = 166 | issue = 4 | pages = 303–317 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25445012 | pmc = 4430135 | doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.010 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Group III organisms mainly cause diseases in non-human animals.<ref name="Carter Peck 1957 p."/>