Editing Climatology (section)

=== Models ===
{{Main|Climate models}}
Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice.  They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.  All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Any unbalance results in a change of the average temperature of the Earth. Most climate models include the radiative effects of [[greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]]. These models predict a trend of increase of [[Instrumental temperature record|surface temperatures]], as well as a more rapid increase of temperature at higher latitudes.

Models can range from relatively simple to complex:
* A simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the Earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy.
* This can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models), or horizontally.
* Coupled atmosphere–ocean–[[sea ice]] [[General circulation model|global climate models]] discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
* Earth system models further include the biosphere.

Additionally, they are available with different resolutions ranging from >100&nbsp;km to 1&nbsp;km. High resolutions in global climate models are computational very demanding and only few global datasets exists. Examples are ICON <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dipankar |first1=A. |last2=Heinze |first2=Rieke |last3=Moseley |first3=Christopher |last4=Stevens |first4=Bjorn |last5=Zängl |first5=Günther |last6=Brdar |first6=Slavko |title=A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation |journal=Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems |date=2015 |volume=7}}</ref> or mechanistically downscaled data such as CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth's land surface areas).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karger |first1=D.N. |last2=Conrad |first2=O. |last3=Böhner |first3=J. |last4=Kawohl |first4=T. |last5=Kreft |first5=H. |last6=Soria-Auza |first6=R.W. |last7=Zimmermann |first7=N.E. |last8=Linder |first8=P. |last9=Kessler |first9=M. |title=Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas |journal=Scientific Data |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=170122|page=170122 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2017.122|pmid=28872642 |pmc=5584396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karger |first1=D.N. |last2=Lange |first2=S. |last3=Hari |first3=C. |last4=Reyer |first4=C.P.O. |last5=Zimmermann |first5=N.E. |title=CHELSA-W5E5 v1.0: W5E5 v1.0 downscaled with CHELSA v2.0 |journal=ISIMIP Repository |date=2021 |doi=10.48364/ISIMIP.836809}}</ref>