Editing Classical Latin (section)

==Authors of the Golden Age==
[[File:Bakalovich at Maecenas' reception.jpg|thumb|''At Maecenas' Reception'', oil, [[Stefan Bakałowicz]], 1890. An artist's view of the classical. Maecenas knew and entertained everyone literary in the Golden Age, especially Augustus.]]
Teuffel's definition of the "First Period" of Latin was based on inscriptions, fragments, and the literary works of the earliest known authors. Though he does use the term "Old Roman" at one point, most of these findings remain unnamed. Teuffel presents the Second Period in his major work, ''das goldene Zeitalter der römischen Literatur'' (''Golden Age of Roman Literature''), dated 671–767 [[Ab urbe condita|AUC]] (83 BC – AD 14), according to his own recollection. The timeframe is marked by the dictatorship of [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]] and the death of the emperor [[Augustus]].{{Sfn|Teuffel|1873|p=216 }}{{Sfn|Teuffel|1873|p=226 }} Wagner's translation of Teuffel's writing is as follows:

{{blockquote |The golden age of the Roman literature is that period in which the climax was reached in the perfection of form, and in most respects also in the methodical treatment of the subject-matters. It may be subdivided between the generations, in the first of which (the Ciceronian Age) prose culminated, while poetry was principally developed in the Augustan Age.}}

The Ciceronian Age was dated 671–711 AUC (83–43 BC), ending just after the death of Marcus Tullius Cicero. The Augustan 711–67 AUC (43 BC – 14 AD) ends with the death of Augustus. The Ciceronian Age is further divided by the consulship of Cicero in 691 AUC (63 BC) into a first and second half. Authors are assigned to these periods by years of principal achievements.

The Golden Age had already made an appearance in German philology, but in a less systematic way. In a translation of Bielfeld's ''Elements of universal erudition'' (1770):<blockquote>The Second Age of Latin began about the time of Caesar [his ages are different from Teuffel's], and ended with Tiberius. This is what is called the Augustan Age, which was perhaps of all others the most brilliant, a period at which it should seem as if the greatest men, and the immortal authors, had met together upon the earth, in order to write the Latin language in its utmost purity and perfection...{{Sfn|Bielfeld|1770|p=244}} and of Tacitus, his conceits and sententious style is not that of the golden age...{{Sfn|Bielfeld|1770|p=345}}</blockquote>Evidently, Teuffel received ideas about golden and silver Latin from an existing tradition and embedded them in a new system, transforming them as he thought best.

In Cruttwell's introduction, the Golden Age is dated 80 BC – AD 14 (from [[Cicero]] to [[Ovid]]), which corresponds to Teuffel's findings. Of the "Second Period", Cruttwell paraphrases Teuffel by saying it "represents the highest excellence in prose and poetry." The Ciceronian Age (known today as the "Republican Period") is dated 80–42 BC, marked by the [[Battle of Philippi]]. Cruttwell omits the first half of Teuffel's Ciceronian, and starts the Golden Age at Cicero's consulship in 63 BC—an error perpetuated in Cruttwell's second edition. He likely meant 80 BC, as he includes Varro in Golden Latin. Teuffel's Augustan Age is Cruttwell's Augustan Epoch (42 BC – 14 AD).

=== Republican ===
[[File:CiceroBust.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], after whom Teuffel named his Ciceronian period of the Golden Age]]
[[File:Giulio-cesare-enhanced 1-800x1450.jpg|thumb|upright|Julius Caesar]]
The literary histories list includes all authors from Canonical to the Ciceronian Age—even those whose works are fragmented or missing altogether. With the exception of a few major writers, such as Cicero, Caesar, Virgil and Catullus, ancient accounts of Republican literature praise jurists and orators whose writings, and analyses of various styles of language cannot be verified because there are no surviving records. The reputations of Aquilius Gallus, [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus]], [[Lucullus|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]], and many others who gained notoriety without readable works, are presumed by their association within the Golden Age. A list of canonical authors of the period whose works survived in whole or in part is shown here:
* [[Marcus Terentius Varro]] (116–27 BC), highly influential grammarian
* [[Titus Pomponius Atticus]] (112/109 – 35/32), publisher and correspondent of Cicero
* [[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]] (106–43 BC), orator, philosopher, essayist, whose works define golden Latin prose and are used in Latin curricula beyond the elementary level
* [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]] (106–43 BC), jurist, poet
* [[Decimus Laberius]] (105–43 BC), writer of mimes
* [[Marcus Furius Bibaculus]] (1st century BC), writer of ''ludicra''
* [[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]] (100–44 BC), general, statesman, historian
* [[Gaius Oppius]] (1st century BC), secretary to Julius Caesar, probable author under Caesar's name
* [[Gaius Matius]] (1st century BC), public figure, correspondent with Cicero
* [[Cornelius Nepos]] (100–24 BC), biographer
* [[Publilius Syrus]] (1st century BC), writer of mimes and maxims
* [[Quintus Cornificius]] (1st century BC), public figure and writer on rhetoric
* [[Titus Lucretius Carus]] (Lucretius; 94–50 BC), poet, philosopher
* [[Publius Nigidius Figulus]] (98–45 BC), public officer, grammarian
* [[Aulus Hirtius]] (90–43 BC), public officer, military historian
* [[Gaius Helvius Cinna]] (1st century BC), poet
* [[Marcus Caelius Rufus]] (87–48 BC), orator, correspondent with Cicero
* [[Gaius Sallustius Crispus]] (86–34 BC), historian
* [[Cato the Younger|Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis]] (Cato the Younger; 95–46 BC), orator
* [[Publius Valerius Cato]] (1st century BC), poet, grammarian
* [[Gaius Valerius Catullus]] (Catullus; 84–54 BC), poet
* [[Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus]] (82–47 BC), orator, poet

=== Augustan ===
{{Main|Augustan literature (ancient Rome)}}
The Golden Age is divided by the assassination of [[Julius Caesar]]. In the wars that followed, a generation of Republican literary figures was lost. Cicero and his contemporaries were replaced by a new generation who spent their formative years under the old constructs, and forced to make their mark under the watchful eye of a new emperor. The demand for great orators had ceased,{{Sfn|Teuffel|1873|p=385|ps =, "Public life became extinct, all political business passed into the hands of the monarch..."}} shifting to an emphasis on poetry. Other than the historian [[Livy]], the most remarkable writers of the period were the poets [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], and [[Ovid]]. Although Augustus evidenced some toleration to republican sympathizers, he exiled Ovid, and imperial tolerance ended with the continuance of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]].

Augustan writers include:
* [[Virgil|Publius Vergilius Maro]] (Virgil, spelled also as Vergil; 70 – 19 BC),
* [[Horace|Quintus Horatius Flaccus]] (65 – 8 BC), known for lyric poetry and satires
* [[Sextus Propertius|Sextus Aurelius Propertius]] (50 – 15 BC), poet
* [[Albius Tibullus]] (54–19 BC), elegiac poet
* [[Publius Ovidius Naso]] (43 BC – AD 18), poet
* [[Livy|Titus Livius]] (64 BC – AD 12), historian
* [[Grattius Faliscus]] (a contemporary of Ovid), poet
* [[Marcus Manilius]] (1st century BC and AD), astrologer, poet
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]] (64 BC – AD 17), librarian, poet, mythographer
* [[Marcus Verrius Flaccus]] (55 BC – AD 20), grammarian, philologist, calendarist
* [[Vitruvius|Marcus Vitruvius Pollio]] (80–70 BC — after 15 BC), engineer, architect
* [[Marcus Antistius Labeo]] (d. AD 10 or 11), jurist, philologist
* [[Lucius Cestius Pius]] (1st century BC & AD), Latin educator
* [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus]] (1st century BC), historian, naturalist
* [[Marcus Porcius Latro]] (late 1st century BC – early 1st century AD), rhetorician
* [[Gaius Valgius Rufus]] (consul 12 BC), poet