Editing Clara Bow (section)

===1923-1925: Preferred Pictures===
[[File:CBpic Maytime recv 201005XX.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Frame of Bow comforting [[Ethel Shannon]] in [[Maytime (1923 film)|''Maytime'' (1923)]], which had been classified as a [[lost film]] until a partial copy was found in [[New Zealand]] in 2009<ref>[http://www.filmpreservation.org/preserved-films/screening-room/maytime-1923 "Preserved Films/Maytime (1923)"], [[National Film Preservation Foundation]], San Francisco, California. Retrieved August 25, 2019.</ref>]]

On July 22, 1923, Bow left New York, her father, and her boyfriend behind for Hollywood.<ref name="parsons1931"/> As chaperone for the journey and her subsequent southern California stay, the studio appointed writer/agent Maxine Alton, whom Bow later branded a liar. In late July, Bow entered studio chief [[B. P. Schulberg]]'s office wearing a simple high-school uniform in which she "had won several gold medals on the cinder track".<ref name="ReferenceB">''The Davenport Democrat and Leader'', September 9, 1923</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2023}} She was tested and a press release from early August says Bow had become a member of Preferred Pictures' "permanent stock".<ref name="Hollywood Gossip 1923">{{cite news |title=Hollywood Gossip |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-aug-05-1923-3766934/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Lubbock Morning Avalanche |publication-place=Lubbock, TX |date=August 5, 1923 |page=8 |volume=1 |issue=139 |oclc=13539181 |via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> 

Bow signed with Preferred Pictures, also working with other studios.<ref name="Biography.com-Clara-Bow">{{cite web |title=Clara Bow |url=https://www.biography.com/actor/clara-bow |website=[[Biography.com]] |access-date=30 March 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref> Alton and Bow rented an apartment at [[The Hillview]] near [[Hollywood Boulevard]].<ref name="parsons1931"/> [[Preferred Pictures]] was run by Schulberg, who had started as a publicity manager at [[Famous Players–Lasky]], but in the aftermath of the power struggle around the formation of [[United Artists]], ended up on the losing side and lost his job. He founded Preferred in 1919 as a result, at the age of 27.{{sfn|Schulberg|1981|p=100}}

''[[Maytime (1923 film)|Maytime]]'' was Bow's first Hollywood picture, an adaptation of the popular operetta ''[[Maytime (musical)|Maytime]]'', in which she essayed "Alice Tremaine". Before the film was finished, Schulberg announced that Bow was given the lead in the studio's upcoming film ''Poisoned Paradise''.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> But first she was lent to [[First National Pictures]] to co-star in the adaptation of [[Gertrude Atherton]]'s 1923 best seller ''[[Black Oxen]]'', shot in October, and to co-star with [[Colleen Moore]] in ''Painted People'', shot in November.{{sfnp|Stenn|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mm3gQqcl20UC&pg=PA39 p. 39], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mm3gQqcl20UC&pg=PA289 p. 289]}} Director [[Frank Lloyd]] was casting for the part of high-society flapper Janet Oglethorpe, and more than 50 women auditioned, most with previous screen experience.<ref name="parsons1931"/> Bow reminisced: "but he had not found exactly what he wanted and finally somebody suggested me to him&nbsp;... When I came into his office a big smile came over his face and he looked just tickled to death."<ref name="photoplay"/> Lloyd told the press, "Bow is the personification of the ideal aristocratic [[flapper]], mischievous, pretty, aggressive, quick-tempered and deeply sentimental."<ref name="Hamilton Evening Journal  1924 p. 11">{{cite news |title='Black Oxen' At The Rialto Again Today |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-mar-05-1924-3766950/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Hamilton Evening Journal |publication-place=Hamilton, OH |date=March 5, 1924 |page=11 |oclc=17737784 |via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> It was released on January 4, 1924.

[[File:XBlackOxen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Bow as Janet, the "horrid" flapper in ''[[Black Oxen]]'' (1923), holding ''[[Flaming Youth (novel)|Flaming Youth]]'' to her chest; with [[Kate Lester]] and [[Tom Ricketts]]]]

"The flapper, impersonated by a young actress, Clara Bow, ... had five speaking titles, and every one of them was so entirely in accord with the character and the mood of the scene that it drew a laugh from what, in film circles, is termed a 'hard-boiled' audience."<ref name="A Hack Title Writer 1923 p. 147">{{cite news |author=A Hack Title Writer |title=Title Work Years Ago |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1923-12-02 |volume=78 |issue=24,053 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1923/12/02/106023412.html?pageNumber=147 |page=147 |via=TimesMachine |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' commented that "Clara Bow, the prize vulgarian of the lot. She was amusing and spirited but she never belonged in the picture".<ref name="Klumph 1924 p.17">{{cite news |last=Klumph |first=Helen |title=Many Drift Eastward |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=January 13, 1924 |volume=43 |department=Stage and Screen |pages=11, 17 |url=https://latimes.newspapers.com/clip/120415980/many-drift-eastward-black-oxen/ |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' said that "the horrid little flapper is adorably played".<ref name="Rivera 1924 p. 23">{{cite journal |author=Rivera |title=Film Reviews — Black Oxen |journal=Variety |publisher=Variety, Inc. |volume=73 |issue=7 |date=January 3, 1924 |publication-place=New York City |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=811781177 |page=23 |url=https://archive.org/details/variety73-1924-01/page/n21/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

[[Colleen Moore]] made her flapper debut in a successful adaptation of the daring novel ''[[Flaming Youth (novel)|Flaming Youth]]'', released November 12, 1923, six weeks before ''Black Oxen''. Both films were produced by First National Pictures, and while ''Black Oxen'' was still being edited and ''Flaming Youth'' not yet released, Bow was requested to co-star with Moore as her kid sister in ''Painted People'' (''The Swamp Angel'').{{sfn|Morella|Epstein|1976|p=59}} Moore essayed the baseball-playing tomboy and Bow, according to Moore, said "I don't like my part, I wanna play yours."{{sfnp|Stenn|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mm3gQqcl20UC&pg=PA40 p. 40]}} 

Moore, a well-established star earning $1200 a week—Bow got $200—took offense and blocked the director from shooting close-ups of Bow. Moore was married to the film's producer and Bow's protests were futile. "I'll get that bitch", she told her boyfriend Jacobson, who had arrived from New York. Bow had sinus problems and decided to have them attended to that very evening. With Bow's face now in bandages, the studio had no choice but to recast her part.{{sfn|Jacobson|Atkins|1991|p=17}}

[[File:CBpic Robert June 1931.png|thumb|upright=0.9|Clara Bow in 1931 with her father, Robert, who married Clara's friend, Mary Lorraine Tui (Tui Lorraine) at Clara's insistence{{sfnp|Stenn|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mm3gQqcl20UC&pg=PA140 pp. 140–141]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/19714301/|title=Tui Gets Divorce From Clara Bow's Daddy|date=July 29, 1929|publisher=Post-Tribune|location=Jefferson City, Missouri|quote=She no longer is Clara Bow's stepmother. Tui Lorraine Bow |via=newspapers.com|access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bicknell 1993 p. 114">{{cite journal |last=Bicknell |first=Graham |title=Tui's Tinseltown memories |journal=Woman's Day |edition=Australia |date=May 31, 1993 |publisher=Are Media |publication-place=Sydney, NSW |oclc=1348983079 |page=114}} Reprinted in {{cite web |last=St. George |first=Ian |title=Tui Lorraine Bow, 1905–1993, Notes on a New Zealand Movie Star |year=2022 |url=https://onadmiralroad.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Tui-Lorraine-Bow.pdf |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref>]]

In May, Moore renewed her efforts in ''The Perfect Flapper'', produced by her husband. Despite good reviews she suddenly withdrew. "No more flappers&nbsp;... they have served their purpose&nbsp;... people are tired of soda-pop love affairs", she told the ''Los Angeles Times'',<ref name="Gebhart 1924 p. 19">{{cite news |last=Gebhart |first=Myrtle |title=Colleen Forswears New Role |department=Stage and Screen |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |publication-place=Los Angeles, CA, US |date=May 18, 1924 |url=https://newspapers.com/clip/120548454/colleen-forswears-new-role-by-myrtle-geb/ |via=Newspapers.com |pages=19–20}}</ref> which had commented a month earlier, "Clara Bow is the one outstanding type. She has almost immediately been elected for all the recent flapper parts".<ref name="Schallert 1924 p. 13">{{cite news |last=Schallert |first=Edwin |title=Right From The Front |department=Stage and Screen |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |publication-place=Los Angeles, CA, US |date=April 13, 1924 |url=https://newspapers.com/clip/120548818/when-will-some-substitute-be-found-for-t/ |via=Newspapers.com |pages=13, 19}}</ref> In November 1933, looking back to this period of her career, Bow described the atmosphere in Hollywood as like a scene from a movie about the French Revolution, where "women are hollering and waving pitchforks twice as violently as any of the guys&nbsp;... the only ladies in sight are the ones getting their heads cut off."<ref name="KansasCS">{{cite news |last=Moffitt |first=John C. |title=Clara Bow Now Is Content To Be a Vampire Once a Year |newspaper=The Kansas City Star |date=November 26, 1933 |volume=54 |issue=70 |page=1-D |publication-place=Kansas City, MO, US |url=https://newspapers.com/clip/120615689/clara-bow-now-is-content-to-be-a-vampire/ |via=Newspapers.com |issn=0745-1067 |oclc=30542451}}</ref>

By New Year 1924 Bow had defied the possessive {{citation needed span|Maxine Alton|date=March 2021|reason=There is no ref to explain that the Mrs Smith used in the photoplay ref is ACTUALLY Alton. The original ref used photoplay, which does not support this assertion as it uses the Mrs Smith pseudonym throughout maxwelldemille.com/ClaraBow/clarastory.html}} and brought her father to Hollywood. Bow remembered their reunion: "I didn't care a rap, for (her), nor B. P. Schulberg, nor my motion picture career, nor Clara Bow, I just threw myself into his arms and kissed and kissed him, and we both cried like a couple of fool kids. Oh, it was wonderful."<ref name="photoplay"/> Bow felt "Mrs Smith", the pseudonym Alton used, had misused her trust: "She wanted to keep a hold on me so she made me think I wasn't getting over and that nothing but her clever management kept me going."<ref name="photoplay"/> 

Bow and her father moved in at 1714 North Kingsley Drive in Hollywood, together with Jacobson, who by then also worked for Preferred. When Schulberg learned of this arrangement, he fired Jacobson for potentially getting "his big star" into a scandal. When Bow found out, "She tore up her contract and threw it in his face and told him he couldn't run her private life." Jacobson concluded, "[Clara] was the sweetest girl in the world, but you didn't cross her and you didn't do her wrong."{{sfn|Jacobson|Atkins|1991|pp= 15–18}} On September 7, 1924, ''The Los Angeles Times'', in a significant article "A dangerous little devil is Clara, impish, appealing, but oh, how she can act!", her father is titled "business manager" and Jacobson referred to as her brother.<ref name="Whitaker 1924 p. 13">{{cite news |last=Whitaker |first=Alma |title=A Dangerous Little Devil is Clara, Impish, Appealing, But Oh, How She Can Act! |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |volume=63 |publication-place=Los Angeles, California |date=September 7, 1924 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120559893/a-dangerous-little-devil-is-clara-impis/ |via=Newspapers.com |department=Stage and Screen |page=13}}</ref>

[[File:Clara Bow, Stars of the Photoplay.jpg|thumb|Bow in ''Stars of the Photoplay'', 1924]]
Bow appeared in eight releases in 1924, two were released the same day. In ''Poisoned Paradise'', released on February 29, 1924, Bow got her first lead; "the clever little newcomer whose work wins fresh recommendations with every new picture in which she appears".<ref>''The Davenport Democrat and Leader'', April 24, 1924</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2023}} Atypical of that time, her character, "skilled in the art of self-defense, preparedness and all the other devices with which the modern flapper is endowed," fearlessly beats off the villain.<ref name="The Charleston Gazette 1924">{{cite news |title='Poisoned Paradise' Proves New Era of Film Technique |newspaper=The Charleston Gazette |department=Screen and Stage Attractions of the Week |via=NewspaperArchive |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-feb-17-1924-3798722/ |date=February 17, 1924 |page=5, Part 3}}</ref> In ''Daughters of Pleasure'', also released on February 29, 1924, Bow and [[Marie Prevost]] "flapped unhampered as flappers De luxe&nbsp;... I wish somebody could star Clara Bow. I'm sure her 'infinite variety' would keep her from wearying us no matter how many scenes she was in."<ref name="Kingsley 1924 p. 9 (Part II)">{{cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Grace |author-link=Grace Kingsley |title=Flashes: Mission Program is Real Top-Notcher |department=Stage and Screen |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |publication-place=Los Angeles, CA, US |date=June 17, 1924 |url=https://newspapers.com/clip/120617259/mission-program-is-real-top-notcher/ |via=Newspapers.com |page=9 (Part II)}}</ref> 

Lent out to Universal, Bow top-starred, for the first time, in the [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]], [[rum-running|bootleg]] drama/comedy ''[[Wine (1924 film)|Wine]]'', released on August 20, 1924. The picture exposes the widespread [[liquor]] traffic in the upper classes, and Bow portrays an innocent girl who develops into a wild "red-hot mama", "a naughty, inebriated flapper".<ref name="vogue-Yaeger-bow-birthday">{{cite news |last1=Yaeger |first1=Lynn |author1-link=Lynn Yaeger |title=Happy Birthday, Clara Bow! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/clara-bow-birthday |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=Vogue |date=29 July 2015}}</ref> [[Carl Sandburg]] reviewed it on September 29 saying; "If not taken as information, it is cracking good entertainment".{{sfn |Sandburg |2000 |p=[https://archive.org/details/moviesarecarlsan00sand/page/227/mode/1up 227]}} Alma Whitaker of the ''Los Angeles Times'' observed on September 7, 1924:

[[File:CBadv Wine crop.png|thumb|upright=1.0|Bow's first lead role was in [[Wine (1924 film)|''Wine'']] (1924), a [[Film reel|seven-reel]] feature currently classified as lost by the [[Library of Congress]]<ref name="American Memory">{{cite web |title=Wine / Louis J Gasnier [motion picture]:Bibliographic Record Description: Performing Arts Encyclopedia |publisher=Library of Congress |website=American Memory |url=https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.10672/default.html |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref>]]

{{blockquote|She radiates [[sex appeal]] tempered with an impish sense of humor&nbsp;... She [[henna]]s her blond hair so that it will photograph dark in the pictures&nbsp;... Her [[decorum#Social decorum|social decorum]] is of that natural, good-natured, pleasantly informal kind&nbsp;... She can act on or off the screen—takes a joyous delight in accepting a challenge to vamp any selected male—the more unpromising specimen the better. When the hapless victim is scared into speechlessness, she gurgles with naughty delight and tries another.}}

Bow remembered: "All this time I was 'running wild', I guess, in the sense of trying to have a good time&nbsp;... maybe this was a good thing, because I suppose a lot of that excitement, that joy of life, got onto the screen."<ref name="photoplay"/> In 1925, Bow appeared in 14 productions: six for her contract owner, Preferred Pictures, and eight as an "out-loan". ''[[Motion Picture Classic]]'' magazine wrote in June that "Clara Bow&nbsp;... shows alarming symptoms of becoming the sensation of the year", and featured her on the cover.<ref name="Carr 1925 p. 17">{{cite journal |last=Carr |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Carr |title=The Kid Who Sassed Lubitsch |journal=Motion Picture Classic |publisher=M.P. Pub. Co. |publication-place=Brooklyn, NY |date=June 1925 |url={{GBurl |id=82AhAQAAMAAJ |pg=RA11-PA81}} |oclc=919654256 |page=[{{GBurl |id=82AhAQAAMAAJ |pg=RA11-PA3}} cover], [{{GBurl |id=82AhAQAAMAAJ |pg=RA11-PA21}} 21], [{{GBurl |id=82AhAQAAMAAJ |pg=RA11-PA81}} 81] |via=Google Books}}</ref>

{{blockquote|I'm almost never satisfied with myself or my work or anything&nbsp;... by the time I'm ready to be a great star I'll have been on the screen such a long time that everybody will be tired of seeing me&nbsp;... (Tears filled her big round eyes and threatened to fall).<ref>''Motion Picture Stories'', April 14, 1925, p. 29</ref>}}

{{blockquote|I worked in two and even three pictures at once. I played all sorts of parts in all sorts of pictures&nbsp;... It was very hard at the time and I used to be worn out and cry myself to sleep from sheer fatigue after 18 hours a day on different sets, but now [Early 1928] I am glad of it.<ref name="photoplay"/>}}

Preferred Pictures loaned Bow to producers "for sums ranging from $1500 to $2000 a week"<ref name=NewsBee>{{cite news |date=September 11, 1926 |title=Salary |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-5BXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f0QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3058%2C2298455 |newspaper=The Toledo News-Bee |volume=51 |issue=219 |page=9 |oclc=12759313 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> while paying Bow a salary of $200 to $750 a week. The studio, like any other independent studio or theater at that time, was under attack from "The Big Three", [[MPAA]], which had formed a [[trust (monopoly)|trust]] to [[block booking|block out]] Independents and enforce the [[monopoly|monopolistic]] [[studio system]].<ref name="NYTimes.com 1925a">{{cite news |title=CHARGES DOMINATION OF NEW YORK MOVIES; Trade Board Counsel Sees Zukor and Loew Combination Controlling the Field AND "ELIMINATING" OTHERS Attempt by Them to Control the Whole Industry Is Alleged -- "Divert" Order Is Urged |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1925-10-29 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/10/29/100028214.html?zoom=15.01&pageNumber=5  |volume=75 |issue=24,750 |page=5 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> On October 21, 1925, Schulberg filed Preferred Pictures for bankruptcy, with debts at $820,774 and assets $1,420.<ref name="NYTimes.com 1925b">{{cite news |title=MOVIE PRODUCER BANKRUPT; Benjamin P. Schulberg Lists Debts at $820,774 and Assets $1,420. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1925-10-22 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/10/22/100025951.html?zoom=15.5&pageNumber=18 |page=18 |volume=75 |issue=24,743 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Three days later it was announced that Schulberg would join with [[Adolph Zukor]] to become [[associate producer]] of [[Paramount Pictures]], "catapulted into this position because he had Clara Bow under personal contract".{{sfn |Brooks |1982 |p=[https://archive.org/details/luluinhollywood00broo/page/21/mode/2up 21]}}

Adolph Zukor, Paramount Picture CEO, wrote in his memoirs: "All the skill of directors and all the booming of press-agent drums will not make a star. Only the audiences can do it. We study audience reactions with great care."{{sfn |Zukor |Kramer |1953 |pp=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015019349037&view=2up&seq=16 4–5]}} [[Adela Rogers St. Johns]] had a different take. In 1950, she wrote, "If ever a star was made by public demand, it was Clara Bow."<ref name=hollywoodstory>{{cite news |last=St. Johns |first=Adela Rogers |author-link=Adela Rogers St. Johns |title=Clara Bow's Tempestuous Success |series=Love, Laughter, and Tears |department=The American Weekly |newspaper=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=December 24, 1950 |issn=2575-5706 |id={{OCLC|18174666|12065651}} |pages=6 to 7 |url=https://newspapers.com/image/100448458/ |url-access=subscription |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> [[Louise Brooks]] in 1980 stated: "[Bow] became a star without nobody's help".<ref name="Gill Brownlow 1980 Episode 12">{{cite episode |last=Gill |first=David |author-link=David Gill (film historian) |last2=Brownlow |first2=Kevin |author2-link=Kevin Brownlow |title=Star treatment |series=Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film |series-link=Hollywood (British TV series) |publisher=Thames Television |publication-place=Great Britain |date=March 25, 1980 |oclc=922101385 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOQN5vNVYvo}}</ref>

''[[The Plastic Age (film)|The Plastic Age]]'' was Bow's final effort for Preferred Pictures and her biggest hit up to that time. Bow starred as the good-bad college girl, Cynthia Day, against Donald Keith. It was shot on location at [[Pomona College]] in the summer of 1925, and released on December 15. Due to [[block booking]], it was not shown in New York until July 21, 1926. ''[[Photoplay]]'' was displeased: "The college atmosphere is implausible and Clara Bow is not our idea of a college girl."<ref name="Photoplay December 1925 p. 48">{{cite journal |title=The Plastic Age—B. P. Schulberg |journal=Photoplay |publisher=Macfadden Publications |publication-place=Chicago |date=December 1925 |issn=0162-5195 |oclc=7035628 |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/details/photoplay2829movi/page/48/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Theater owners were happy, the manager of The Liberty Theater saying that "The picture is the biggest sensation we ever had in our theater&nbsp;... It is 100 per cent at the [[box-office]]."<ref>Liberty Theater manager, ''The Reel Journal'', July 10, 1926.</ref>  Some critics felt Bow had conquered new territory, "[Bow] presents a whimsical touch to her work that adds greater laurels to her fast ascending star of screen popularity."<ref>''Charleston Daily Mail'', January 24, 1926.</ref>  ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' singled out Bow, complimenting her on saving the picture as, "Only the amusing and facile acting of Clara Bow rescues the picture from the limbo of the impossible."<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', August 2, 1926.</ref>

Bow began to date her co-star [[Gilbert Roland]], who became her first fiancé. In June 1925, Bow was credited for being the first to wear hand-painted legs in public, and was reported to have many followers at the Californian beaches.<ref>''Southeast Missouri'', June 24, 1925.</ref> Throughout the 1920s, Bow played with gender conventions and sexuality in her public image. Along with her tomboy and flapper roles, she starred in boxing films and posed for promotional photographs as a boxer. By appropriating traditionally androgynous or masculine traits, Bow presented herself as a confident, modern woman.{{sfn|Gammel|2012|p=375}}