Editing Cinnabar (section)

== Occurrence ==
[[File:cinnabar09.jpg|thumb|left|Cinnabar mercury ore from [[Nevada]], United States]]
Cinnabar generally occurs as a vein-filling [[mineral]] associated with [[volcanic activity]] and alkaline [[hot spring]]s. Cinnabar is deposited by [[epithermal]] ascending [[aqueous]] solutions (those near the surface and not too hot) far removed from their igneous source.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/books/book/1816/chapter/107705190/Thermal-Springs-and-Epithermal-Ore-Deposits|publisher=GeoScienceWorld|chapter=Thermal Springs and Epithermal Ore Deposits|doi=10.5382/AV50.03|title=Fiftieth Anniversary Volume, 1905–1955|year=1955|last1=White|first1=Donald E.|isbn=978-1-9349-6952-6}}</ref> It is associated with native mercury, [[stibnite]], [[realgar]], [[pyrite]], [[marcasite]], [[opal]], [[quartz]], [[chalcedony]], [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], [[calcite]], and [[barite]].<ref name=Handbook/>

Cinnabar is found in essentially all mineral extraction localities that yield mercury, notably [[Almadén]] (Spain). This mine was exploited from Roman times until 1991, being for centuries the most important cinnabar deposit in the world. Good cinnabar crystals have also been found there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Minerales y Minas de España |volume=II. Sulfuros y sulfosales|last=Calvo|first=Miguel|publisher=Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava|year=2003|isbn=84-7821-543-3|location=Vitoria, Spain|pages=355–359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/gm/1052?page=21|title=Cinnabar. Spain|website=Mindat}}</ref> Cinnabar deposits appear in [[Giza]] (Egypt); [[Puerto Princesa]] (Philippines); [[Red Devil, Alaska]]; [[Murfreesboro, Arkansas]]; [[New Almaden Mine]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Santa Clara County Parks |title=Almaden Quicksilver Mining Museum |url=https://parks.sccgov.org/plan-your-visit/activities/cultural-venues/almaden-quicksilver-mining-museum#1849274314-3146410750 |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jane |last=Kay |work=SFGate |title=Tracking a toxic trail / Long-closed mine identified as largest source of mercury in San Francisco Bay |date=December 22, 2002 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/tracking-a-toxic-trail-long-closed-mine-2709557.php |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> in [[San Jose, California]]; [[New Idria, California]], the [[Hastings Mine]] and [[St. John's Mine]] both in [[Vallejo, California]]; [[Terlingua, Texas]] (United States); [[Idrija]] (Slovenia); {{Interlanguage link|Moschellandsberg|de}} near [[Obermoschel]] in the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Palatinate]]; the La Ripa and Levigliani mines<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dini |first1=Andrea |last2=Benvenuti |first2=Marco |last3=Costagliola |first3=Pilar |last4=Lattanzi |first4=Pierfranco |date=2001 |title=Mercury deposits in metamorphic settings: the example of Levigliani and Ripa mines, Apuane Alps (Tuscany, Italy) |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=149–167 |doi=10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00026-9|bibcode=2001OGRv...18..149D }}</ref> at the foot of the [[Apuan Alps]] and in [[Mount Amiata]] (Tuscany, Italy); [[Avala]] (Serbia); [[Huancavelica]] (Peru); the province of [[Guizhou]] in China and [[Western ghats]] in India where fine crystals have been obtained. It has been found in [[Dominica]] near its sulfur springs at the southern end of the island along the west coast.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Minerals|title=Arsenian Pyrite and Cinnabar from Active Submarine Nearshore Vents, Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece|year=2020|doi=10.3390/min11010014|doi-access=free|last1=Voudouris|first1=Panagiotis|last2=Kati|first2=Marianna|last3=Magganas|first3=Andreas|last4=Keith|first4=Manuel|last5=Valsami-Jones|first5=Eugenia|last6=Haase|first6=Karsten|last7=Klemd|first7=Reiner|last8=Nestmeyer|first8=Mark|volume=11|issue=1|page=14|bibcode=2020Mine...11...14V|url=https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fau/files/15520/minerals-11-00014-v3.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:Cinabrio Almadén 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Specimen composed of pure cinnabar, with the surface covered in crystals. Being an old specimen, they are partially darkened due to exposure to light. Almadén Mine, (Ciudad Real), Spain. Largest dimension, 6 cm.|alt=]]

Cinnabar is still being deposited, such as from the hot waters of [[Sulphur Bank Mine]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/locentry-133387.html|publisher=Mindat|title=Cinnabar from Sulphur Bank Mine (Sulfur Bank Mine; Sulphur Bank deposits), Clear Lake Oaks, Sulphur Creek Mining District (Sulfur Creek Mining District; Wilbur Springs Mining District), Lake Co., California, USA|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref> in California and [[Steamboat Springs, Nevada]] (United States).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/locentry-204963.html|publisher=Mindat|title=Cinnabar from Steamboat Springs mine, Steamboat Springs Mining District, Washoe Co., Nevada, USA|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>