Editing Chiptune (section)

===  Early 1980s–1994: FM synthesis ===
A major advance for chip music was the introduction of [[frequency modulation synthesis]] (FM synthesis), first commercially released by [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] for their [[digital synthesizer]]s and FM [[sound chip]]s, which began appearing in arcade machines from the early 1980s.<ref name="karen_10-1"><!--this is collins_10&11 not to be confused with pages 12, 19, or 2 earlier-->
{{cite book
|title=Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA10
|access-date=June 12, 2011
|last=Collins
|first=Karen
|year=2008
|publisher=[[MIT Press]]
|isbn=978-0-262-03378-7
|pages=10–1
|archive-date=October 9, 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009094439/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA10
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=The Magic of FM Synth
|url=https://1up.com/features/the-magic-of-fm-synth
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124112215/http://www.1up.com/features/the-magic-of-fm-synth
|archive-date=January 24, 2013
|access-date=August 6, 2012
|date=June 2012
|last=Barnholt
|first=Ray
|website=[[1UP.com]]
}}
</ref>
Arcade game composers utilizing FM synthesis at the time included Konami's [[Miki Higashino]] (''[[Gradius]]'', ''[[Yie-Ar Kung Fu]]'', ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (arcade game)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'') and [[Sega]]'s [[Hiroshi Kawaguchi (composer)|Hiroshi Kawaguchi]] (''[[Space Harrier]]'', ''[[Hang-On]]'', ''[[Out Run]]'').

By the early 1980s, significant improvements to [[personal computer game]] music were made possible with the introduction of [[Digital synthesizer|digital]] FM synthesis sound. [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] began manufacturing FM [[Sound card|synth boards]] for Japanese computers such as the [[NEC PC-8801]] and [[NEC PC-9801|PC-9801]] in the early 1980s, and by the mid-1980s, the PC-8801 and [[FM-7]] had built-in FM sound. This allowed computer game music to have greater complexity than the simplistic [[Beep (sound)|beeps]] from internal speakers. These FM synth boards produced a "warm and pleasant sound" that musicians such as [[Yuzo Koshiro]] and [[Takeshi Abo]] utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the chiptune community.<ref name="hg101_retro">{{cite web
|title=Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier
|url=https://hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm
|access-date=2011-03-29
|author=John Szczepaniak
|publisher=Hardcore Gaming 101
|archive-date=May 1, 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034812/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm
|url-status=dead
}}
Reprinted from
{{citation
|title=[[Retro Gamer]]
|issue=67
|year=2009}}</ref>
In the early 1980s, Japanese [[personal computer]]s such as the NEC PC-88 and PC-98 featured [[audio programming language]]s such as [[Music Macro Language]] (MML) and [[MIDI]] interfaces, which were most often used to produce video game music.<ref name="shimazu104">{{cite journal
|title=The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works
|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/585311/pdf
|access-date=October 11, 2018
|last=Shimazu
|first=Takehito
|journal=[[Leonardo Music Journal]]
|year=1994
|volume=4
|pages=102–106 [104]
|publisher=[[MIT Press]]
|doi=10.2307/1513190
|jstor=1513190
|s2cid=193084745
|archive-date=October 11, 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214540/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/585311/pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

[[Fujitsu]] also released the ''FM Sound Editor'' software for the FM-7 in 1985, providing users with a user-friendly interface to create and edit synthesized music.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=FM Sound Editor V1.0
|url=http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/fujitsu/520200300.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109175447/http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/fujitsu/520200300.html
|archive-date=November 9, 2007
|access-date=2012-09-02
|date=May 20, 2003
|work=[[:jp:Oh!FM|Oh!FM]]
}}{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}</ref>

In 1987, FM synthesis became available for Western computers when Canadian company [[Ad Lib, Inc.|Ad Lib]] released the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card for the [[IBM Personal Computer]],<ref>{{cite web |title=AdLib Music Synthesizer Card |url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/23724/AdLib-Music-Synthesizer-Card/ |website=Centre for Computing History |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301171601/http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/23724/AdLib-Music-Synthesizer-Card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while Singapore-based [[Creative Labs]] incorporated the AdLib card's sound chip into its [[Sound Blaster]] card in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hardwidge |first1=Ben |title=The Sound Blaster Story |url=https://custompc.raspberrypi.org/articles/the-sound-blaster-story |access-date=December 24, 2020 |publisher=Custom PC |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129223416/https://custompc.raspberrypi.org/articles/the-sound-blaster-story |url-status=live }}</ref> Both cards were widely supported by [[MS-DOS]] game developers in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

The widespread adoption of FM synthesis by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the [[History of video game consoles (fourth generation)|16-bit era]], by which time 16-bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips.<ref name="karen_10-1"/> A major chiptune composer during this period was [[Yuzo Koshiro]].<ref name="santos_2006">{{cite journal
|last=Santos
|first=Wayne
|title=Songs & Sounds in the 21st Century
|journal=GameAxis Unwired
|date=December 2006
|issue=40
|page=39
|publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings|SPH Magazines]]
|issn=0219-872X
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39
|access-date=2011-08-05
|archive-date=May 30, 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530002920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EOkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
Despite later advances in audio technology, he would continue to use older PC-8801 hardware to produce chiptune soundtracks for series such as ''[[Streets of Rage (series)|Streets of Rage]]'' (1991–1994) and ''[[Etrian Odyssey]]'' (2007–present).<ref name="hg101_retro"/> His soundtrack to ''[[The Revenge of Shinobi (1989 video game)|The Revenge of Shinobi]]'' (1989) featured [[House music|house]]<ref name="greening_kotowski">{{cite web
|title=Interview with Yuzo Koshiro
|date=February 2011
|publisher=Square Enix Music Online
|last1=Greening
|last2=Kotowski
|first1=Chris
|first2=Don
|url=http://www.squareenixmusic.com/features/interviews/yuzokoshiro.shtml
|access-date=2011-06-20
|archive-date=July 8, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708075027/http://www.squareenixmusic.com/features/interviews/yuzokoshiro.shtml
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=3322|title=Yuzo Koshiro
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101010101/https://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=3322|archive-date=2014-01-01|url-status=dead
|website=[[All Media Network#AllGame|AllGame]]
}}
</ref>
and [[Progressive electronic dance music|progressive]] [[techno]] compositions<ref name="santos_2006"/> that fused [[electronic dance music]] with traditional [[Music of Japan|Japanese music]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Interview with Yuzo Koshiro
|url=http://www.squareenixmusic.com/composers/koshiro/oct99interview.shtml
|publisher=Square Enix Music Online
|access-date=August 8, 2011
|author=RocketBaby
|date=October 1999
|archive-date=September 26, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926225134/http://www.squareenixmusic.com/composers/koshiro/oct99interview.shtml
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
[[Discography of the Streets of Rage series|The soundtrack]] for ''[[Streets of Rage 2]]'' (1992) is considered "revolutionary" and "ahead of its time" for its "[[electro house|blend of]] swaggering house [[synthesizer|synths]], [[electro house|dirty]] [[electro (music)|electro-funk]] and [[trance music|trancey]] electronic textures that would feel as comfortable in a [[nightclub]] as a video game."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Game music of the day: Streets of Rage 2
|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/game-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage-2
|access-date=July 28, 2012
|date=April 19, 2010
|last=McNeilly
|first=Joe
|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]
|archive-date=November 5, 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105210313/http://www.gamesradar.com/game-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage-2/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
For the soundtrack to ''[[Streets of Rage 3]]'' (1994), Koshiro created a new composition method called the "Automated Composing System" to produce "fast-beat techno like [[Drum and bass|jungle]]",<ref name="jeff_davis">
{{cite web
|title=Interview with Yuzo Koshiro
|url=https://thegia.com/features/f010123.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010131055900/http://thegia.com/features/f010123.html
|archive-date=January 31, 2001
|access-date=August 6, 2011
|last=Davis
|first=Jeff
|work=Gaming Intelligence Agency
}}
<!--|url=https://psy-q.ch/mirrors/thegia/sites/thegia.com/features/f010123.html--></ref>
resulting in innovative and [[Experimental music|experimental sounds]] generated automatically.<ref name="sega_horowitz">
{{cite web
|title=Interview: Yuzo Koshiro
|url=https://sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=136&title=Interview:+Yuzo+Koshiro
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921205228/http://sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=136&title=Interview%3A+Yuzo+Koshiro
|archive-date=September 21, 2008
|access-date=August 6, 2011
|date=February 5, 2008
|last=Horowitz
|first=Ken
|work=Sega-16
}}</ref>
Koshiro also composed chiptune soundtracks for series such as ''[[Dragon Slayer (series)|Dragon Slayer]]'', ''[[Ys (video game)|Ys]]'', ''[[Shinobi (series)|Shinobi]]'', and ''[[ActRaiser]]''. Another important FM synth composer was the late [[Ryu Umemoto]], who composed chiptune soundtracks for various [[visual novel]] and [[shoot 'em up]] games.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=A Dragon's Journey: Ryu Umemoto in Europe
|url=https://hardcoregaming101.net/umemoto/umemoto.htm
|url-status=dead
|access-date=2011-08-23
|author=Audi
|publisher=Hardcore Gaming 101
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726130608/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/umemoto/umemoto.htm
|archive-date=July 26, 2017
}}</ref>