Editing Chinese nationalism (section)

==== Chinese Muslims and Uyghurs ====
{{See also|Hui pan-nationalism}}
[[File:Hu Songshan.jpg|thumb|[[Hu Songshan]], a Chinese Muslim Imam who was a Chinese nationalist.]]
[[Islam in China|Chinese Muslims]] have played an important role in Chinese nationalism. Chinese Muslims, known as Hui people, are a mixture of the descendants of foreign Muslims like Arabs and Persians, who mixed with Han Chinese who converted to Islam. Chinese Muslims are speak Chinese and practice Confucianism.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

[[Hu Songshan]], a Muslim Imam from [[Ningxia]], was a Chinese nationalist and preached Chinese nationalism and the unity of all Chinese people and against foreign imperialism and other threats to China's sovereignty.<ref name="google210">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=210|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041900/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He even ordered the [[Flag of the Republic of China|Chinese Flag]] to be saluted during prayer, and that all Imams in Ningxia preach Chinese nationalism. Hu Songshan led the [[Yihewani|Ikhwan]], the Chinese Muslim Brotherhood, which became a Chinese nationalist, patriotic organization, stressing education and independence of the individual.<ref name="google210" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3|year=1987|page=30|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324234944/https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ|title=Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century : proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12–13, 2001|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon|year=2004|publisher=Schwarz|page=69|isbn=3-87997-314-8|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084121/https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Hu Songhan also wrote a prayer in Arabic and Chinese, praying for [[Allah]] to support the Chinese Kuomintang government and defeat Japan.<ref>Lipman, ''Familiar Strangers,'' p 200</ref> Hu Songshan also cited a [[Hadith]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=聖訓}}), a saying of the prophet [[Muhammad]], which says "Loving the Motherland is equivalent to loving the Faith" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=“愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份”}}). Hu Songshan harshly criticized those who were non-patriotic and those who taught anti-nationalist thinking, saying that they were fake Muslims.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

[[Ma Qixi]] was a Muslim reformer and a leader of the [[Xidaotang]], and he taught that Islam could be understood only by using Chinese culture such as Confucianism. He read classic Chinese texts and even took his cue from [[Laozi]] when he decided to go on [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

[[Ma Fuxiang]], a Chinese Muslim general and Kuomintang member, was another Chinese nationalist. Ma Fuxiang preached unity of all Chinese people and even non-Han Chinese people such as Tibetans and Mongols to stay in China. He proclaimed that Mongolia and Tibet were part of the Republic of China, not independent countries.<ref>Lipman, ''Familiar Strangers,'' p. 167</ref> Ma Fuxiang was loyal to the Chinese government and crushed Muslim rebels when ordered to. Ma Fuxiang believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation. He was praised for his "guojia yizhi"(national consciousness) by non-Muslims. Ma Fuxiang also published many books, and wrote on Confucianism and Islam, having studied both the [[Quran]] and the [[Spring and Autumn Annals]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Ma Fuxiang had served under the Chinese Muslim general [[Dong Fuxiang]] and fought against the foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion.<ref>Lipman, ''Familiar Strangers,'' p. 169</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182 |title=The origins of the Boxer Uprising|author=Joseph Esherick|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-06459-1|page=182|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> The Muslim unit he served in was noted for being anti-foreign, being involved in shooting a Westerner and a Japanese to death before the Boxer Rebellion broke out.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182 |title=The origins of the Boxer Uprising|author=Joseph Esherick|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-06459-1|page=302|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> It was reported that the Muslim troops were going to wipe out the foreigners to return a golden age for China, and the Muslims repeatedly attacked foreign churches, railways, and legations, before hostilities even started.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WsKAQAAIAAJ|title=The diary of His Excellency Ching-shan: being a Chinese account of the Boxer troubles|author=Ching-shan, Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak|year=1976|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=978-0-89093-074-8|page=14|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801025547/https://books.google.com/books?id=6WsKAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim troops were armed with modern repeater rifles and artillery, and reportedly enthusiastic about going on the offensive and killing foreigners. Ma Fuxiang led an ambush against the foreigners at [[Langfang]] and inflicted many casualties, using a train to escape. Dong Fuxiang was a xenophobe and hated foreigners, wanting to drive them out of China.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Various Muslim organizations in China like the [[Islamic Association of China]] and the [[Chinese Muslim Association]] were sponsored by the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Chinese Muslim imams had synthesized Islam and Confucianism in the [[Han Kitab]]. They asserted that there was no contradiction between Confucianism and Islam, and no contradiction between being a Chinese national and a Muslim. Chinese Muslim students returning from study abroad, from places such as [[Al-Azhar University]] in Egypt, learned about nationalism and advocated Chinese nationalism at home. One Imam, [[Wang Jingzhai]], who studied at Mecca, translated a Hadith, or saying of Muhammad, "Aiguo Aijiao"- loving the country is equivalent to loving the faith. Chinese Muslims believed that their "Watan" {{Langx|ar|وطن|lit=country; homeland}} was the whole of the Republic of China, non-Muslims included.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr|title=The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam|last=Masumi|first=Matsumoto|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

General [[Bai Chongxi]], the warlord of [[Guangxi]], and a member of the Kuomintang, presented himself as the protector of Islam in China and harbored Muslim intellectuals fleeing from the Japanese invasion in Guangxi. General Bai preached Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism. Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce the Japanese. Translations from Egyptian writings and the Quran were used to support propaganda in favour of a [[Jihad]] against Japan.<ref name="Masumi"/>

[[File:Ma Bufang.jpg|thumb|[[Ma Bufang]], a Chinese Muslim general]]
[[Ma Bufang]], a Chinese Muslim general who was part of the Kuomintang, supported Chinese nationalism and tolerance between the different Chinese ethnic groups. The Japanese tried to approach him to gain his support but were unsuccessful. Ma presented himself as a Chinese nationalist who fought against Western [[imperialism]] to the people of China to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and that it oppressed minorities like the Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to his advantage to keep himself in power, as noted by the author Uradyn Erden Bulag.<ref>{{cite book |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism |title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-7425-1144-8 |publication-place=[[City University of New York]] |pages=48 |language=en |access-date=28 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074059/http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&q=patriotism#v=onepage&q=patriotism%20ma%20bufang%20british&f=false |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=49|isbn=0-7425-1144-8|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074059/http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&q=patriotism#v=onepage&q=patriotism%20ma%20bufang%20family%20feudalism&f=false|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Xinjiang]], the Chinese Muslim general [[Ma Hushan]] supported Chinese nationalism. He was chief of the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)|36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army]]. He spread [[anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] and [[Anti-Japanese sentiment|anti-Japanese]] [[Propaganda in the Republic of China|propaganda]] and instituted a colonial regime over the [[Uyghurs]]. Uyghur street names and signs were changed to Chinese, and the Chinese Muslim troops imported Chinese cooks and baths, rather than use Uyghur ones.<ref name="google130">{{cite book |author=Andrew D. W. Forbes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA130 |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-25514-1 |location=Cambridge, England |page=130 |access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> The Chinese Muslims even forced the Uyghur carpet industry at [[Khotan]] to change its design to Chinese versions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew D. W. Forbes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-25514-1 |edition=illustrated |location=Cambridge, England |pages=131 |language=en |access-date=28 June 2010 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103183055/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ma proclaimed his loyalty to Nanjing, denounced [[Sheng Shicai]] as a Soviet puppet, and [[Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)|fought against him]] in 1937.<ref name="google130"/>

The [[Tungans]] (Hui Chinese Muslims) also had anti-Japanese sentiment.<ref name="google130"/>

General Ma Hushan's brother [[Ma Zhongying]] denounced separatism in a speech at [[Id Kah Mosque]] and told the Uyghurs to be loyal to the Chinese government at [[Nanjing]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[S. Frederick Starr]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA79 |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2004 |isbn=0-7656-1318-2 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA200 |title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|page=200}}</ref><ref name=Forbes>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|pages=82, 123, 124, 303|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The 36th division had crushed the [[Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan]], and the Chinese Muslim general [[Ma Zhancang]] beheaded the Uyghur emirs [[Abdullah Bughra]] and [[Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Christian Tyler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA280 |title=Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-8135-3533-6 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Forbes/> Ma Zhancang abolished the [[Sharia]], the Islamic law, which was set up by the Uyghurs. He set up [[Martial law|military rule]] instead, retained the former Chinese officials, and kept them in power.<ref name=Forbes/> The Uyghurs had been promoting [[Islamism]] in their separatist government, but Ma Hushan eliminated religion from politics. Islam was barely mentioned or used in politics or life except as a vague spiritual focus for unified opposition against the Soviet Union.<ref name="google130"/>

The Uyghur warlord [[Yulbars Khan]] was pro-Chinese and supported the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=yulbars+khan&pg=PA225|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=254|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014542/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA225&dq=yulbars+khan|url-status=live}}</ref> The Uyghur politician [[Masud Sabri]] served as the governor of [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China|Xinjiang Province]] from 1947 to 1949.<ref name="Klimeš2015">{{cite book |author=Ondřej Klimeš |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c. 1900–1949 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-28809-6 |pages=197– |language=en |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109175346/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>