Editing Chinatown, Manhattan (section)

===Chinese exclusion period===
[[File:Doyers Street - postcard - 1898.jpg|right|upright=1.1|thumb|Doyers Street in an 1898 postcard]]
[[File:El' Second and Third Avenue Lines, looking toward Doyers Street, Manhattan (NYPL b13668355-482677).jpg|right|upright=1.1|thumb|Doyers Street in Chinatown in 1938]]
In 1873, the United States entered a period of economic difficulty known as the [[Long Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Long Depression |url=https://www.historytoday.com/long-depression |access-date=July 20, 2020 |website=History Today |date=February 29, 2012 |first=Matthew |last=Lynn |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720164948/https://www.historytoday.com/long-depression |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, Americans increasingly competed for jobs that were typically performed by Chinese immigrants. The period was marked by increased [[racial discrimination]], anti-Chinese riots (particularly in California),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Immigration to the United States – American Memory Timeline- Classroom Presentation {{!}} Teacher Resources|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/chinimms.html|access-date=July 20, 2020|website=Library of Congress|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708070428/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/chinimms.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and new laws that prevented participation in many occupations on the U.S. [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. Consequently, many Chinese immigrants moved to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] cities in search of employment.

Early businesses in East Coast cities included [[Chinese laundry|hand laundries]] and [[Chinese restaurant|restaurants]]. Chinatown started on Mott, Park (now Mosco), Pell, and [[Doyers Street (Manhattan)|Doyers]] Streets, east of the notorious [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] district. By 1870 there was a Chinese population of 200. By 1882, when the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed, the population was up to 2,000 residents. In 1900, the US Census reported 7,028 Chinese males in residence, but only 142 Chinese women. This significant gender inequality remained until the repeal of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] in 1943.<ref name="Wang1999">{{cite journal |author=Xinyang Wang |title=Group Loyalties in the Workplace: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1965 |journal=New York History |volume=80 |issue=3 |jstor=23182364 |date=July 1, 1999 |publisher=New York State Historical Association |issn=0146-437X |pages=286–}}</ref> Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan, authors of "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing", wrote that because of immigration restrictions, Chinatown continued to be "virtually a bachelor society" until 1965.<ref name="WangZhouFanp106">Wang, Wenfei, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan. "[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080221190542/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/597/202.pdf Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105307/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/597/202.pdf Archive]). ''[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]]'', 2002, 43, No. 2, pp. 104–122. Cited page: 106.</ref>
[[Image:On Leong building, Canal & Mott.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The landmark [[On Leong|On Leong Building (曼哈頓華埠)]] at the intersection of [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] and [[Mott Street]] in Chinatown]]
The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese "[[tong (gang)|tongs]]" (now sometimes rendered neutrally as "[[voluntary association|associations]]"), which were a mixture of [[clan]] associations, landsman's associations, political alliances ([[Kuomintang]] (Nationalists) vs [[Chinese Communist Party]]), and more secretly, [[organized crime|crime syndicates]]. The associations started to give protection from anti-Chinese harassment. Each of these associations was aligned with a [[street gang]]. The associations were a source of assistance to new [[Chinese emigration|immigrants]], giving out [[loan]]s, aiding in starting businesses, and so forth. The associations formed a governing body named the [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]]. Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the ''[[On Leong]]'' and ''[[Hip Sing]]'' tongs. Much of the Chinese [[gang]] warfare took place on Doyers street. Gangs like the ''[[Ghost Shadows]]'' and ''[[Flying Dragons (gang)|Flying Dragons]]'' were prevalent until the 1990s. The Chinese gangs controlled certain territories of Manhattan's Chinatown. The ''[[On Leong]]'' and its affiliate ''[[Ghost Shadows]]'' were of Cantonese and [[Taishan, Guangdong|Toishan]] descent, and controlled Mott, Bayard, [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal]], and [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry]] Streets. The ''[[Flying Dragons (gang)|Flying Dragons]]'' and its affiliate ''[[Hip Sing]]'' also of Cantonese and Toishan descent controlled Doyers, Pell, [[Bowery]], [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand]], and Hester Streets. Other Chinese gangs also existed, like the Hung Ching and Chih Kung gangs of Cantonese and Toishan descent, which were affiliated with each other and also gained control of Mott Street. ''[[Born to Kill (gang)|Born to Kill]]'', also known as the ''Canal Boys'', a gang composed almost entirely of Vietnamese immigrants from the [[Vietnam War]] under the leadership of [[David Thai]] had control over Broadway, Canal, Baxter, [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre]], and Lafayette Streets.<ref>{{cite book |title=Born to Kill: America's Most Notorious Vietnamese Gang, and the Changing Face of Organized Crime |last=English |first=T.J. |year=1995 |publisher=William Morrow & Co. |isbn=0-688-12238-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/borntokillameric00engl }}</ref> Fujianese gangs also existed, such as the Tung On gang, which affiliated with Tsung Tsin, and had control over East Broadway, Catherine and Division Streets and the Fuk Ching gang affiliated with Fukien American controlled East Broadway, Chrystie, [[Forsyth Street (Manhattan)|Forsyth]], Eldridge, and Allen Streets. At one point, a gang named the Freemasons gang, which was of Cantonese descent, had attempted to claim East Broadway as its territory.<ref name="Chin2000">{{cite book |author=Ko-Lin Chin |title=Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity |url=https://archive.org/details/chinatowngangsex0000chin |url-access=registration |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=February 10, 2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513627-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinatowngangsex0000chin/page/8 8]–}}</ref><ref name="Keefe2009">{{cite book |author=Patrick Radden Keefe |title=The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxptmGzIoMC |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=July 21, 2009 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn=978-0-385-52130-7}}</ref>{{rp|75}}<ref name="Lin1998">{{cite book |author=Jan Lin |title=Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5h_49sX0SQC&pg=PA52 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=July 1, 1998 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-2905-3 |pages=52–}}</ref><ref name="LLC1983">{{cite journal |author=New York Media, LLC |title=New York Magazine |website=Newyorkmetro.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INgBAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 |access-date=July 25, 2012 |date=February 14, 1983 |publisher=New York Media, LLC |pages=38– |issn=0028-7369}}</ref>

[[Columbus Park (Manhattan)|Columbus Park]], the only park in Chinatown, was built in 1897 on what was once the center of the infamous [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] neighborhood. During the 19th century, this was the most dangerous [[ghetto]] area of immigrant New York, as portrayed in the book and film ''[[Gangs of New York]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M015/ |title=Columbus Park |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-date=June 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616120102/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M015 |url-status=live }}</ref>