Editing Child labour (section)

====Household enterprises====
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well.<ref name=ep99>{{cite book |title=The Global Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century|last=Prügl|first=Elisabeth|pages=25–31, 50–59|isbn=978-0231115612|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1999}}</ref> Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Home-based manufacturing operations were active year-round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labour|last=Freedman|first=Russell|publisher=Sandpiper|year=1998|isbn=978-0395797266}}</ref> In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58% of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, [[Frieda S. Miller]] – then Director of the [[United States Department of Labor]] – told the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) that these home-based operations offered "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions".<ref name=ep99/><ref>{{cite book|title=Miller, Frieda S. Papers, 1909-1973|last=Miller|first=Frieda |publisher=Radcliff College |year=1979|url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515035148/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235 |archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming|author1=Linda Lobao |author2=Katherine Meyer |journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume= 27|year=2001|pages=103–124|jstor=2678616|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=World Market, State, and Family Farm: Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labour|last=Friedmann|first=Harriet|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|year=1978|volume=20|issue=4|pages=545–586|doi=10.1017/S001041750001255X| s2cid=153765098 }}</ref>