Editing Chauvinism (section)

===Causes===
{{See also|In-group favoritism|Closure (sociology)|Infrahumanisation}}
Chauvinist assumptions are seen by some as a bias in the [[Thematic Apperception Test|TAT]] psychological personality test. Through cross-examinations, the TAT exhibits a tendency toward chauvinistic stimuli for its questions and has the "potential for unfavorable clinical evaluation" for women.<ref>Potkay, Charles R., Matthew R. Merrens. Sources of Male Chauvinism in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 39.5 (1975): 471-479. Web. 31 January 2012.</ref>

An often cited study done in 1976 by Sherwyn Woods, "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism", attempts to find the underlying causes of male chauvinism.
{{blockquote|Male chauvinism was studied in the [[psychoanalytic]] therapy of 11 men. It refers to the maintenance of fixed beliefs and attitudes of male superiority, associated with overt or covert depreciation of women. Challenging chauvinist attitudes often results in anxiety or other symptoms. It is frequently not investigated in psychotherapy because it is ego-syntonic, parallels cultural attitudes, and because therapists often share similar bias or neurotic conflict. Chauvinism was found to represent an attempt to ward off anxiety and shame arising from one or more of four prime sources: unresolved infantile strivings and regressive wishes, hostile envy of women, oedipal anxiety, and power and dependency conflicts related to masculine [[self-esteem]]. [[Mother]]s were more important than fathers in the development of male chauvinism, and resolution was sometimes associated with [[decompensation#Psychology|decompensation]] in wives.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Woods|first=Sherwyn M.|title=Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|date=January 1976|volume=33|issue=1|pages=63–65|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770010037007 |pmid=1247365}}</ref>}}Adam Jukes argues that a reason for male chauvinism is [[masculinity]] itself:<blockquote>For the vast majority of people all over the world, the mother is a primary carer...There's an asymmetry in the development of boys and girls. Infant boys have to learn how to be masculine. Girls don't. Masculinity is not in a state of crisis. Masculinity is a crisis. I don't believe [[misogyny]] is innate, but I believe it's inescapable because of the development of masculinity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Men hating women: A look into the psychology of misogyny|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/men-hating-women|website=British GQ|date=7 November 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref></blockquote>