Editing Charles I of Hungary (section)

=== Wars against the oligarchs (1308–1323) ===
{{Further|Battle of Rozgony}}
[[File:Charles I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|thumb|King Charles Robert as depicted in the ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'']]
[[File:Rozgony Battle.jpg|thumb|upright |alt=Two armies of knights on horses are fighting against each other under a fortress built on a hill |The [[Battle of Rozgony]] depicted in the ''[[Illuminated Chronicle]]'': in this battle, Charles defeated the sons of [[Amadeus Aba]] on 15&nbsp;June 1312]]
[[File:Coronation of Charles I by Virgin Mary.jpg|thumb|Coronation of Charles I. of Hungary. It was painted in 1317 by Henry Spišský cathedral provost]] 
The papal legate convoked the synod of the Hungarian prelates, who declared the monarch inviolable in December 1308.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=191}}{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=29}} They also urged Ladislaus Kán to hand over the Holy Crown to Charles.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=29}} After Kán refused to do so, the legate consecrated a new crown for Charles.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=191}} [[Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom]] crowned Charles king with the new crown in the [[Matthias Church|Church of Our Lady]] in [[Buda]] on 15 or 16&nbsp;June 1309.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=191}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=37}} However, most Hungarians regarded his second coronation invalid.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=130}} The papal legate excommunicated Ladislaus Kán, who finally agreed to give the Holy Crown to Charles.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=191}} On 27&nbsp;August 1310, Archbishop Thomas of Esztergom put the Holy Crown on Charles's head in Székesfehérvár; thus, Charles's third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=130}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=192}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=37}} However, his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=130}}

Matthew Csák laid siege Buda in June 1311, and Ladislaus Kán declined to assist the king.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=252}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=192}} Charles sent an army to invade Matthew Csák's domains in September, but it achieved nothing.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=32}} In the same year, Ugrin Csák died, enabling Charles to take possession of the deceased lord's domains, which were situated between [[Požega County|Požega]] in Slavonia and [[Temesvár]] (present-day Timișoara in Romania).{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=131}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2013|p=222}} The burghers of [[Košice|Kassa]] (now Košice in Slovakia) assassinated Amadeus Aba in September 1311.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2013|p=221}} Charles's envoys arbitrated an agreement between Aba's sons and the town, which also prescribed that the Abas withdraw from two counties and allow the noblemen inhabiting their domains to freely join Charles.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2013|p=221}} However, the Abas soon entered into an alliance with Matthew Csák against the king.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=131}} The united forces of the Abas and Matthew Csák besieged Kassa, but Charles routed them in the [[Battle of Rozgony]] (now Rozhanovce in Slovakia) on 15&nbsp;June 1312.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2013|p=229}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=37}} Almost half of the noblemen who had served Amadeus Aba fought on Charles's side in the battle.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2013|p=236}} In July, Charles captured the Abas' many fortresses in [[Abaúj]], [[Torna County|Torna]] and [[Sáros county|Sáros]] counties, including [[Füzér]], [[Regéc]], and [[Munkács]] (now Mukacheve in Ukraine).{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=193}} Thereafter he waged war against Matthew Csák, capturing [[Nagyszombat]] (now Trnava in Slovakia) in 1313 and Visegrád in 1315, but was unable to win a decisive victory.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=131}}

Charles transferred his residence from Buda to Temesvár in early 1315.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=35}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=131}} Ladislaus Kán died in 1315, but his sons did not yield to Charles.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=88}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=252}} Charles launched a campaign against the Kőszegis in Transdanubia and Slavonia in the first half of 1316.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=132}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}} Local noblemen joined the royal troops, which contributed to the quick collapse of the Kőszegis' rule in southern parts of their domains.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=132}} Meanwhile, [[James Borsa]] made an alliance against Charles with Ladislaus Kán's sons and other lords, including [[Mojs II Ákos|Mojs Ákos]] and [[Peter, son of Petenye]].{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=252}} They offered the crown to [[Andrew of Galicia]].{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=252}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=132}} Charles's troops, which were under the command of a former supporter of the Borsas, [[Dózsa Debreceni]], defeated the rebels' united troops at [[Debrecen]] at the end of June.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2013|p=235}} In the next two months, many fortresses of Borsa and his allies fell to the royal troops in [[Bihar County|Bihar]], [[Szolnok County|Szolnok]], [[Borsod County|Borsod]] and [[Kolozs County|Kolozs]] counties.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}} No primary source has made reference to Charles's bravery or heroic acts, suggesting that he rarely fought in person in the battles and sieges.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=35}} However, he had excellent strategic skills: it was always Charles who appointed the fortresses to be besieged.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=35}}

[[Stefan Dragutin of Serbia|Stefan Dragutin]], who controlled the [[Szerémség]], [[Macsó]] and other regions along the southern borders of Hungary, died in 1316.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=260}} Charles confirmed the right of Stefan Dragutin's son, [[Vladislav, King of Syrmia|Vladislav]], to succeed his father and declared Vladislav the lawful ruler of [[Serbia]] against [[Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia|Stefan Uroš II Milutin]].{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}} However, Stefan Uroš II captured Vladislav and invaded the Szerémség.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=261}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=132}} Charles launched a counter-campaign across the river [[Száva]] and seized the fortress of Macsó.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=132}} In May 1317, Charles's army suppressed the Abas' revolt, seizing [[Ungvár]] and [[Nevicke Castle]] (present-day Uzhhorod and Nevytsky Castle in Ukraine) from them.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=195}} After that, Charles invaded Matthew Csák's domains and captured [[Komárno|Komárom]] (now Komárno in Slovakia) on 3&nbsp;November 1317.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=195}} After his uncle, King Robert of Naples, granted the [[Principality of Salerno]] and the domain of [[Monte Sant'Angelo]] to his brother (Charles's younger uncle), [[John, Duke of Durazzo|John]], Charles protested and laid claim to those domains, previously held by his father.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=41}}{{sfn|Dümmerth|1982|p=353}}

After Charles neglected to reclaim Church property that Matthew Csák had seized by force, the prelates of the realm made an alliance in early 1318 against all who would jeopardize their interests.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=142}} Upon their demand, Charles held a Diet in summer, but refused to confirm the [[Golden Bull of 1222]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=141}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}} Before the end of the year, the prelates made a complaint against Charles because he had taken possession of Church property.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=194}} In 1319, Charles fell so seriously ill that the pope authorized Charles's confessor to absolve him from his all sins before he died, but Charles recovered.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=36}} In the same year, Dózsa Debreceni, whom Charles had made [[voivode of Transylvania]], launched successful expeditions against Ladislaus Kán's sons and their allies, and Charles's future [[Judge royal]], [[Alexander Köcski]], seized the Kőszegis' six fortresses.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=196}} In summer, Charles launched an expedition against Stefan Uroš II Milutin, during which he retook Belgrade and restored the Banate of Macsó.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=261}} The last Diet during Charles's reign was held in 1320; following that, he failed to convoke the yearly public judicial sessions, contravening the provisions of the Golden Bull.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=140}}

Matthew Csák died on 18&nbsp;March 1321.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=38}} The royal army invaded the deceased lord's province, which soon disintegrated because most of his former castellans yielded without resistance.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=197}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=133}} Charles personally led the siege of Csák's former seat, [[Trencsén]] (now Trenčín in Slovakia), which fell on 8&nbsp;August.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=197}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=133}} About three months later, Charles's new voivode of Transylvania, [[Thomas Szécsényi]], seized [[Ciceu-Mihăiești|Csicsó]] (present-day Ciceu-Corabia in Romania), the last fortress of Ladislaus Kán's sons.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=197}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=252}}

In January 1322, two Dalmatian towns, [[Šibenik]] and [[Trogir]], rebelled against [[Mladen II Šubić of Bribir|Mladen II Šubić]], who was a son of Charles's one-time leading partisan, Paul Šubić.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=210–211}} The two towns also accepted the suzerainty of the [[Republic of Venice]] although Charles had urged Venice not to intervene in the conflict between his subjects.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=197}} Many Croatian lords (including his own brother, [[Paul II Šubić of Bribir|Paul II Šubić]]) also turned against Mladen, and their coalition defeated him at [[Klis]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=212}} In September, Charles marched to Croatia where all the Croatian lords who were opposed to Mladen Šubić yielded to him in [[Knin]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=212}} Mladen Šubić also visited Charles, but the king had the powerful lord imprisoned.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=212}}