Editing Centre Pompidou (section)

==Architecture==
=== Design ===
[[File:Pompidou Centre building technology.jpg|thumb|Building technology]]
[[Richard Rogers]] and [[Renzo Piano]], two emerging architects in their thirties, designed the first major example of an "inside-out" building with its structural system, mechanical systems, and circulation exposed on the exterior of the building, reflecting their belief that they had no chance of winning the commission.<ref name="Moore" /><ref name="BBC 2017">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=BBC Arts – BBC Arts – A very Parisian scandal: The Pompidou Centre at 40 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/kTlZ2DLm4NCVjkdzXnFHlW/a-very-parisian-scandal-the-pompidou-centre-at-40 |archive-date= |access-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Gianfranco Franchini]] was also involved in the design.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall, Jane |title=Breaking ground : architecture by women |date=16 October 2019 |isbn=978-0-7148-7927-7 |page=161 |oclc=1099690151}}</ref>

Explaining the ideas that informed the Centre Pompidou's design, Piano said, "Our idea was a museum that would inspire curiosity, not intimidate people, and that would open up culture to all... Our credo was a place for all people – for the poor and rich, the young and old".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lutyens |first=Dominic |date=26 March 2025 |title=The pioneering building that scandalised Paris |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20250326-the-pioneering-building-that-scandalised-paris |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=BBC}}</ref>

The daring design increased the efficiency of interior space utilization.<ref name="BBC 2017" /> Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are [[plumbing]], blue ducts are for [[climate control]], [[electrical]] wires are encased in yellow, and [[Circulation (architecture)|circulation elements]] and devices for safety (e.g., [[fire extinguishers]]) are red.<ref name="Sisson">{{Cite journal |last=Sisson |first=Patrick |title=Centre Pompidou, a monument to modernity: 8 things you didn't know |journal=[[Curbed]] |date=23 January 2017 |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/1/23/14365014/centre-pompidou-paris-museum-renzo-piano-richard-rogers |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502003311/https://www.curbed.com/2017/1/23/14365014/centre-pompidou-paris-museum-renzo-piano-richard-rogers |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Piano, the design was meant to be "not a building but a town where you find everything – lunch, great art, a library, great music".<ref name="Moore"/>

The Centre Pompidou, initially met with dismay akin to the [[Eiffel Tower]]'s reception in its time, is now widely regarded as an artwork in its own merit.<ref name="BBC 2017"/> ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight."<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=National Geographic |date=October 1980 |page=469 |last=Newman |first=Cathy |title=The Pompidou Center Captivates Paris |url=https://nationalgeographicbackissues.com/national-geographic-october-1980.html}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An article in ''[[Le Figaro]]'' declared: "Paris has its own monster, just like the one in [[Loch Ness]]." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the [[Pritzker Prize]] in 2007, ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems". The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou "revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pogrebin |first=Robin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/arts/design/28cnd-pritzker.html |title=British Architect Wins 2007 Pritzker Prize |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=3 May 2011 |archive-date=17 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417035322/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/arts/design/28cnd-pritzker.html?hp |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
The centre was built by [[Vinci (construction)|GTM]] and completed in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vinci.com/vinci.nsf/en/history-sites.htm?OpenAgent&georges_pompidou_centre_in_paris |title=Centre Georges Pompidou |publisher=Vinci |access-date=3 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207105158/http://www.vinci.com/vinci.nsf/en/history-sites.htm?OpenAgent&georges_pompidou_centre_in_paris |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> The building cost 993 million [[French franc]]s. Renovation work conducted from October 1996 to January 2000 was completed on a budget of 576 million francs.<ref name=cp_architecture>{{cite web |title=Architecture of the Building |work=Practical Information |publisher=Centre Pompidou |url=http://www.centrepompidou.fr/pompidou/Communication.nsf/0/B90DF3E7C7F18CAEC1256D970053FA6D?OpenDocument&sessionM=3.1.12&L=2 |access-date=10 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204030132/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/pompidou/Communication.nsf/0/B90DF3E7C7F18CAEC1256D970053FA6D?OpenDocument&sessionM=3.1.12&L=2 |archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref> The principal engineer was the renowned [[Peter Rice (structural engineer)|Peter Rice]], responsible for, amongst other things, the {{ill|Gerberette|fr|Gerberette|lt=Gerberette.}} During the renovation, the centre was closed to the public for 27 months, re-opening on 1 January 2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pompidou Centre reopens for 2000 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/587445.stm |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=BBC News |date=1 January 2000 |archive-date=30 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040730124816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/587445.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2020, it was announced that the Centre Pompidou would begin renovations in 2023, which will require either a partial closure for seven years or a full closure for three years. The projected cost for the upcoming renovations is $235 million.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Centre Pompidou faces three- to seven-year renovation closure |work=[[Artforum]] |url=http://artforum.com/news/centre-pompidou-faces-three-to-seven-year-renovation-closure-84035 |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004173938/https://www.artforum.com/news/centre-pompidou-faces-three-to-seven-year-renovation-closure-84035 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2021 [[Roselyne Bachelot]], France's culture minister, announced that the centre would close completely in 2023 for four years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bommelaer |first=Claire |date=25 January 2021 |title=Trois ans de fermeture pour le Centre Pompidou |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/quatre-ans-de-fermeture-pour-le-centre-pompidou-20210125 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215930/https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/quatre-ans-de-fermeture-pour-le-centre-pompidou-20210125 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Building specifications<ref name=cp_architecture/>
|-
| Land area || {{convert|2|ha|acre|sigfig=1}}
|-
| Floor area || 103,305&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>
|-
| Superstructure || 7&nbsp;levels
|-
| style="text-indent:2em" | Height || 42&nbsp;m (Rue Beaubourg side), 45.5&nbsp;m (Piazza side)
|-
| style="text-indent:2em" | Length || 166&nbsp;m
|-
| style="text-indent:2em" | Width || 60&nbsp;m
|-
| Infrastructure || 3&nbsp;levels
|-
| style="text-indent:2em" | Dimensions || Depth: 18&nbsp;m; Length: 180&nbsp;m; Width: 110&nbsp;m
|-
! colspan="2" | Materials used<ref name=cp_architecture/>
|-
| Earthworks || 300,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>
|-
| Reinforced concrete || 50,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>
|-
| Metal framework || 15,000&nbsp;tonnes of steel
|-
| Façades, glass surfaces || 11,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>
|-
| Opaque surfaces || 7,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>
|}