Editing Catherine Parr (section)

==Queen of England and Ireland==
[[File:Portrait of Katherine Parr (1512–1548), Queen of England and Ireland (attributed to Master John).jpg|thumb|left|The "Jersey" portrait of Queen Catherine<ref>{{cite web |title=Portrait of Katherine Parr (1512–1548), Queen of England and Ireland |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2023/old-master-19th-century-paintings-evening-auction/portrait-of-katherine-parr-1512-1548-queen-of |publisher=[[Sotheby's]] |access-date=8 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Catherine married Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 at [[Hampton Court Palace]]. She was the first queen of England also to be [[queen of Ireland]] following Henry's [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|adoption]] of the title [[king of Ireland]]. She was also the third of his wives to be named Catherine, although she spelled it "Kateryn" in signatures. Catherine and her new husband shared several common royal and noble ancestors, making them multiple cousins. By Henry's mother and Catherine's father they were third cousins once removed, sharing [[Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland]], and [[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland|Lady Joan Beaufort]] (granddaughter of [[Edward III]]), and by their fathers they were double fourth cousins once removed,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montague |first=Noel BothaM & Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yGtDwAAQBAJ&dq=henry+viii+catherine+third+cousins+once+removed&pg=PT105 |title=The Book of Royal Useless Information: A Funny and Irreverent Look at The British Royal Family Past and Present |date=2012-02-23 |publisher=Kings Road Publishing |isbn=978-1-85782-725-5 |language=en}}</ref> sharing [[Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent]] (son of [[Joan of Kent]]) and [[Alice Holland, Countess of Kent|Lady Alice FitzAlan]] (granddaughter of [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster]]) and [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] (son of Edward III) and [[Katherine Swynford]].

On becoming queen, Catherine installed her former stepdaughter, Margaret Neville, as her lady-in-waiting,{{sfn|James|2009|pp=61–73}} and gave her cousin [[Maud Lane|Maud, Lady Lane]] and her stepson John's wife, [[Lucy Somerset]], positions in her household.{{sfn|James 2008a}}{{sfn|James|2009|pp=61–73}} Catherine was partially responsible for reconciling Henry with his daughters from his first two marriages, and also developed a good relationship with Henry's son [[Edward VI|Edward]]. When she became queen, her uncle [[William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Horton|Lord Parr of Horton]] became her [[Lord Chamberlain]].{{sfn|Starkey|2004|p=748}}

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Parr's ''Psalms or Prayers taken out of Holy Scriptures'', was printed by the King's printer on 25 April 1544. It was an anonymous translation of a Latin work by Bishop [[John Fisher]] ({{circa|1525}}) that had been reprinted on 18 April 1544. Fisher had been executed in 1535 for refusing to take the [[oath of supremacy]], and his name does not appear on the title page. Parr's volume appeared as preparations for war were being finalised, and it served as a powerful piece of wartime propaganda designed to help Henry win the war against [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] via the prayers of his people.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=White |first=Micheline |title=The Psalms, War, and Royal Iconography: Katherine Parr's Psalms or Prayers (1544) and Henry VIII as David. |journal=Renaissance Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=554–575 |date=2015 |s2cid=153458780 |doi=10.1111/rest.12161}}</ref> The volume contains seventeen "Psalms", focused largely on defeating enemies, and it concludes with "A Prayer for the King", derived from a prayer for the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Georg Witzel]],<ref name=":2"/> and "A Prayer for Men to Say Entering into Battle", a translation of a prayer by [[Erasmus]].<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last=White |first=Micheline |title=Katherine Parr, Translation, and the Dissemination of Erasmus's Views on War and Peace |url=http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1072184ar |journal=Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=67–91 |date=2020 |s2cid=225192688 |doi=10.33137/rr.v43i2.34741}}</ref> Parr paid for deluxe gift copies of the book which were printed on [[vellum]] and distributed at court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Micheline |date=2023 |title=Katherine Parr's Giftbooks, Henry VIII's Marginalia, and the Display of Royal Power and Piety |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=76 |pages=39–83|doi=10.1017/rqx.2022.445 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One deluxe copy has annotations by Henry VIII. The "Ninth Psalm" was set to pre-existing music by [[Thomas Tallis]] and was likely performed as part of special wartime ceremony at [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]] on 22 May 1544.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skinner |first=David |title=Deliver me from my deceytful ennemies": a Tallis Contrafactum in a Time of War |journal=Early Music |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=233–250 |date=2016 |doi=10.1093/em/caw044}}</ref> Parr's "A Prayer for the King" had an important afterlife. In 1559, it was edited and inserted into the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'', probably by Elizabeth I who was then [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Micheline |date=3 April 2015 |title=Pray for the Monarch: The Surprising Contributions of Katherine Parr and Queen Elizabeth I to the Book of Common Prayer |journal=Times Literary Supplement |volume=5844 |pages=14}}</ref> This prayer remains in the ''Book of Common Prayer'' and is still used to pray for the British monarch by Anglican communities around the globe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=White |first=Micheline |title=Pray for the Monarch: The Surprising Contributions of Katherine Parr and Queen Elizabeth I to the Book of Common Prayer |journal=Times Literary Supplement |date=3 April 2015 |volume=5844 |pages=14}}</ref>

Henry went on his last campaign to France from July to September 1544, leaving Catherine as his [[regent]]. Because her regency council was composed of sympathetic members, including: [[Thomas Cranmer]] (the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]), [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Lord Hertford]] and her uncle William Parr, Lord Parr of Horton (included at her particular request{{sfn|James|2008}}), Catherine obtained effective control and was able to rule as she saw fit. She handled provision, finances, and musters for Henry's French campaign, signed five royal proclamations, and maintained constant contact with her lieutenant in the northern Marches, [[Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury|Lord Shrewsbury]], over the complex and unstable situation with Scotland. It is thought that her actions as regent, together with her strength of character and noted dignity, and later religious convictions, greatly influenced her stepdaughter Lady Elizabeth (the future Elizabeth I).{{sfn|Porter|2011|p=348}}

[[File:1550 Parr Prayers or Meditations.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Title page of Parr's ''[[Prayers or Meditations]]'', published in 1545]]

Parr's second publication, ''[[Prayers or Meditations]]'', appeared in June 1545, and, like her first book, it was a bestseller.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coles |first=Kimberly Anne |title=Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2008 |pages=52–62}}</ref> In this case, Parr's compositional method was a complex one as she reworked the third book of [[Thomas à Kempis]]'s ''Imitatio Christi'' to produce a monologue spoken by a generic Christian speaker.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Janel |title=Devotion as Difference: Intertextuality in Queen Katherine Parr's Prayers or Meditations (1545) |journal=Huntington Library Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=171–197 |date=1990 |jstor=3817437 |doi=10.2307/3817437}}</ref> The volume also circulated in manuscript and deluxe print copies. Princess Elizabeth translated the work into Latin, Italian and French as a New Year's gift for [[Henry VIII]] in December 1545 and presented the manuscript in a beautiful hand-embroidered cover. The volume has been digitised by the [[British Library]].

The Queen's religious views were viewed with suspicion by anti-Protestant officials such as [[Stephen Gardiner]] (the [[Bishop of Winchester]]) and [[Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton|Lord Wriothesley]] (the [[Lord Chancellor]]).{{sfn|Hart|2009}} Although brought up as a Catholic, she later became sympathetic to and interested in the "New Faith". By the mid-1540s, she came under suspicion that she was actually a [[Protestant]]. This view is supported by the strong reformed ideas that she revealed after Henry's death, when her third book, ''Lamentation of a Sinner,'' was published in late 1547. In 1546, the Bishop of Winchester and Lord Wriothesley tried to turn the King against her. An arrest warrant was drawn up for her and rumours abounded across Europe that the King was attracted to her close friend, the [[Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk|Duchess of Suffolk]].{{sfn|Hart|2009}} However, she saw the warrant and managed to reconcile with the King after vowing that she had only argued about religion with him to take his mind off the suffering caused by his ulcerous leg.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foxe|first=John|authorlink=John Foxe|title=Katherine Parr|url=http://www.exclassics.com/foxe/foxe212.htm|access-date=29 January 2014|website=The Acts and Monuments of John Fox|publisher=Exclassics.com}}</ref> The following day chancellor Wriothesley (with a detachment of the Guard), who was unaware of the reconciliation, tried to arrest her while she walked with Henry. The King angrily dismissed his chancellor.{{sfn|Starkey|2002|p=129}}