Editing Cassette tape (section)

===Cassette culture===
{{further|Cassette culture}}

Compact cassettes served as catalysts for social change. Their small size, durability and ease of copying helped bring underground rock and punk music behind the [[Iron Curtain]], creating a foothold for Western culture among the younger generations.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Robin James|title=Cassette Mythos |isbn=978-0-936756-69-1|year=1992|publisher=Autonomedia|location=Brooklyn, NY}}</ref> Likewise, in Egypt cassettes empowered an unprecedented number of people to create culture, circulate information, and challenge ruling regimes before the internet became publicly accessible.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simon |first=Andrew |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31649 |title=Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-2943-1 |location=Stanford |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516141320/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31649 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Cassettes at a Cairo Kiosk.jpg|thumb|upright|Cassettes at a Cairo Kiosk (2015)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31649 | isbn=9781503629431 | title=Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt | year=2022 | publisher=Stanford University Press | archive-date=16 May 2024 | access-date=16 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516141320/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31649 | url-status=live }}</ref>]]

One of the political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the exiled [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] throughout [[Iran]] before the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]], in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the [[Shah]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/assimilatecritic0000reed/page/113 113]|title=Assimilate: A Critical History of Industrial Music|author=S. Alexander Reed|isbn=978-0199832606|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/assimilatecritic0000reed/page/113}}</ref> During the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|military dictatorship of Chile]] (1973–1990) a "cassette culture" emerged where [[blacklisting|blacklisted]] music or music that was by other reasons not available as records was shared.<ref name=GonzLau19>{{Cite book|title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture|last=Jordán González|first=Laura|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4833-1775-5|pages=509–511|editor-last=Sturman|editor-first=Janet|chapter=Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice}}</ref><ref name=Laura2009>{{Cite journal|title=Música y clandestinidad en dictadura: la represión, la circulación de músicas de resistencia y el casete clandestino|journal=Revista Musical Chilena|url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-27902009000200006|last=Jordán|first=Laura|year=2009|volume=63|pages=212|issue=Julio-Diciembre|doi=10.4067/S0716-27902009000200006|language=es|trans-title=Music and "clandestinidad" During the Time of the Chilean Dictatorship: Repression and the Circulation of Music of Resistance and Clandestine Cassettes|doi-access=free|archive-date=18 April 2023|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418205549/https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-27902009000200006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=OmarMarco2017>{{Cite journal|title=Etnografía de la música mexicana en Chile: Estudio de caso|journal=Revista Electrónica de Divulgación de la Investigación|last1=Montoya Arias|first1=Luis Omar|date=12 September 2017|pages=1–20|last2=Díaz Güemez|first2=Marco Aurelio|language=es|volume=14}}</ref> Some [[Copyright infringement|pirate]] cassette producers created brands such as ''Cumbre y Cuatro'' that have in retrospect received praise for their contributions to popular music.<ref name=OmarMarco2017/> [[Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)|Armed groups]] such as [[Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front]] (FPMR) and the [[Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)|Revolutionary Left Movement]] (MIR) made use of cassettes to spread their messages.<ref name=Laura2009/>

Cassette technology was a booming market for [[Indian music|pop music in India]], drawing criticism from conservatives while at the same time creating a huge market for legitimate recording companies, as well as pirated tapes.<ref name=Manuel>{{Cite book |author=Peter Manuel |title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-226-50401-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu }}</ref> Some sales channels were associated with cassettes: in Spain [[filling station]]s often featured a display selling cassettes. While offering also mainstream music these cassettes became associated with genres such as [[Gipsy rhumba]], light music and joke tapes that were common in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Retina">{{cite news |last1=Arenas |first1=Guillermo |title=Las cintas de casete pasan de la gasolinera a la Biblioteca Nacional |url=https://retina.elpais.com/retina/2019/08/13/tendencias/1565685637_246147.html |newspaper=El País |access-date=23 May 2020 |language=es |date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521163223/https://retina.elpais.com/retina/2019/08/13/tendencias/1565685637_246147.html |url-status=live }}</ref>