Editing Carnival (section)

===Development===
[[File:Denys van Alsloot Skating Masquerade, or Carnival on Ice at the Kipdorppoort Moats in Antwerp.jpg|thumb|Carnival on Ice at the Kipdorppoort Moats in [[Antwerp]], c. 1620]]
[[File:Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo - Carnival Scene (The Minuet) - WGA22379.jpg|thumb|Carnival in [[Venice]], by [[Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo]], 1750]]
[[File:Carnavalsmaskers Venetië.JPG|thumb|upright|Typical [[mask]]s worn at the [[Carnival of Venice|Venice Carnival]], which portray the [[Satire|satirical]] and exaggerated appearances often used]]

Gradually, ecclesiastical authority began to realize that the desired result could not be achieved by banning Carnivals, which eventually led to a degree of [[Christianization]] of the traditions. They then became part of the liturgy and the liturgical year.<ref name="ziggo1" /> In the Middle Ages, "Carnival and Lent were both necessary, inevitable episodes in the eternal cycle of the Church year."<ref name="Bowen2004">{{cite book|last=Bowen|first=Barbara C.|title=Humour and Humanism in the Renaissance|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate|language=en|isbn=9780860789543|page=507|quote=To the Middle Ages Carnival and Lent were both necessary, inevitable episodes in the eternal cycle of the Church year.}}</ref> While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cantao.net/index_arquivos/Carnaval.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090129101601/http://cantao.net/index_arquivos/Carnaval.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 29 January 2009| title = O que é o Carnaval?| website = Cantao.net}}</ref>

While [[medieval pageant]]s and festivals such as [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval [[folk culture]]. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the [[Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht]]. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive, and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks, and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=Carnival {{!}} Definition, Festival, Traditions, Countries, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carnival-pre-Lent-festival |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the [[resurrection of Jesus]], followed by a liminal period, and ends with rebirth{{clarify|date=November 2024}}. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, and a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the [[lunar calendar]]. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is [[Eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]] in [[heaven]], and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life.<ref>Erickson, Brad. 2008. ''Sensory Politics: Catalan Ritual and the New Immigration''. [[University of California at Berkeley]].</ref> Besides [[Anti-Judaism#Christian anti-Judaism|Christian anti-Judaism]], the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. In [[Anti-Judaism in early Christianity|early Christianity]], Christ is figured as the victim of [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|summary judgment]], and is tortured and executed by Romans before a [[Jewish deicide|Jewish mob]] ("His blood is on us and on our children!" {{bibleverse|Matthew|27:24–25|NIV}}).

[[Holy Week]] processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation, and laughter at a tragicomic [[effigy]] of God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order.<ref>Delgado Ruiz, Manuel. 2001. "Luces iconoclastas: Anticlericalism, espacio, y ritual en la España contemporánia", ''Ariel Antropología''. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.</ref> In 1466, in festivities sponsored by [[Pope Paul II]], Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. Clement IX stopped these practices and in their place assessed a heavy tax on the Jews to help pay for the costs of the city's Carnival celebrations.<ref name="DIKertzer">{{cite book |last1=Kertzer |first1=David I. |url=https://archive.org/details/popesagainstjews0000kert/page/75/ |title=The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism |date=2001 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0375406232 |location=New York |pages=74–75}}</ref>

Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal [[parade]]s and [[masquerade ball]]s, were first recorded in [[medieval Italy]]. The [[Carnival of Venice]] was, for a long time, the most famous Carnival (although [[Napoleon]] abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal, and France, and from France to [[New France]] in North America. From Spain and Portugal, it spread with colonization to the [[Caribbean]] and [[Latin America]]. In the early 19th century in the German [[Rhineland]] and [[Southern Netherlands]], the weakened medieval tradition also revived. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual  abuse of the Carnival in Rome, [[rabbi]]s of the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|ghetto]] were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to [[Pope Gregory XVI]] to stop the annual abuse was denied: "It is not opportune to make any innovation."<ref name="DIKertzer"/>

In the Rhineland in 1823, the first modern Carnival parade took place in [[Cologne]].<ref name="Cologne1823">{{cite web| url=http://www.koelner-karneval.info/Dreigestirn/Dreigestirn.htm| title=Das Kölner Dreigestirn| work=koelner-karneval.info| access-date=31 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325173847/http://www.koelner-karneval.info/Dreigestirn/Dreigestirn.htm| archive-date=25 March 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> Carnaval (''Karneval'', ''[[Fasching]]'' or ''Fastnacht'' in Germany) mixed pagan traditions with Christian traditions. Pre-Lenten celebrations featured parades, costumes and masks to endure Lent's withdrawal from worldly pleasures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Fasching {{!}} History, Meaning, Traditions, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fasching-carnival |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Théodore Géricault - Riderless Racers at Rome - Walters 37189.jpg|thumb|''Riderless Racers at Rome'' by [[Théodore Géricault]]. From the mid-15th century until 1882, spring carnival in Rome closed with a [[horse race]]. Fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the [[Barbary Coast]] of North Africa, ran the length of the [[Via del Corso]], a long, straight city street, in about 2{{frac|1|2}} minutes.]]

Other areas developed their own traditions. In the United Kingdom, [[West Indian]] immigrants brought with them the traditions of [[Caribbean Carnival]]; however, the Carnivals now celebrated at [[Notting Hill Carnival|Notting Hill]], [[Leeds West Indian Carnival|Leeds]], Yorkshire, and other places became divorced from their religious origin and became [[secular]] events that take place in the summer months.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}