Editing Carloman of Bavaria (section)

==Ruler of Italy==
[[File:Carolingian empire 877.svg|thumb|Carolingian empire in 877, with Carloman′s Bavaria and Italy]]
[[File:Museo_diocesano_nonantola,_carlomann_conferma_il_possesso_della_pieve_di_lizzano_al_monastero_di_nonantola,_anno_879.JPG|thumb|An original charter in which Carloman confirms the [[Abbey of Nonantola]] in its possession of the [[Pieve|rural baptistery]] (''pieve'') in [[Lizzano in Belvedere|Lizzano]]]]

On 12 August 875, [[Louis II of Italy]] died and his kingdom was claimed by Louis the German for his sons Carloman and Charles and by Charles the Bald. [[Pope John VIII]], dealing with the constant threat of raiders from [[Emirate of Sicily|Muslim Sicily]], sided with Charles the Bald.{{sfn|Engreen|1945|p=325}} Carloman led an army into Italy, where he granted a diploma to the monastery of [[Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria|San Clemente a Casauria]], one of Louis II's most favored houses. In the diploma Carloman declared himself Louis's chosen successor.{{sfn|Engreen|1945|p=325}} According to the ''Annales Fuldenses'', Charles had to offer him "a huge sum in gold and silver and precious stones" to get him to leave Italy.{{sfn|Reuter|1991|p=75}} On 28 August 876, Louis died and his sons became kings in their allotted kingdoms. On 6 October 877, Charles the Bald died and later that month Carloman succeeded in having himself elected King of Italy by the nobles assembled in [[Pavia]]. The lure of Italy was "the looting which was apparently acceptable when a king first took over a kingdom", providing rewards that could be shared out among followers and more than offset the cost of raising an army and crossing the Alps.{{sfn|Reuter|1991|p=75}}{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|pp=227 and 253}} Carloman was one of only two Carolingian kings of Italy—his brother and successor Charles being the other—who did not issue a [[capitulary]] at the beginning of his reign in order to proclaim his legitimacy and affirm his keeping to traditions of good government.{{sfn|MacLean|2010|p=399}}

In Italy, Carloman confirmed his predecessor's act that made bishops permanent ''[[missi dominici]]'' (royal representatives) in their dioceses. He added to the new regulation by expanding the jurisdiction of individual bishops to gain their loyalty.{{sfn|MacLean|2010|p=407}} His grant to Bishop [[Wibod of Parma]] of the ''districtio'', or temporal authority in the district outside the city walls, was the first grant of its kind to a bishop.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|pp=91–92}} By the time of Carloman's death, the confirmation of a predecessor's concessions to the episcopate and the negotiating of new ones in exchange for support had become an Italian tradition.{{sfn|MacLean|2010|p=407}} In 876, Charles had granted Pope John jurisdictional rights in the duchies of [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Camerino|Camerino]]. After his succession, Carloman supported the dukes, [[Lambert I of Spoleto|Lambert I]] and [[Guy III of Spoleto|Guy III]], who had always claimed the rights as royal representatives which Charles had offered the pope.{{sfn|MacLean|2010|p=412}}

In 879, Carloman donated land to the monastery of Santa Cristina by the royal palace at [[Corteolona|Olona]]. Although the monastery was reportedly built during the eighth century, the first record of its dedication to Cristina is found in Carloman's charter.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=94}} In a letter of 7 June 879, Pope John, having failed to convince Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Bald's heir, to come to Italy for its defence, appealed to Carloman, whom he had previously rejected.{{sfn|Engreen|1945|p=325}} It was too late; by then Carloman was incapacitated. Shortly before his abdication, he granted a complex of estates around Olona to the [[San Sisto, Piacenza|church of San Sisto]], which had been founded by Queen [[Engelberga]] in Piacenza.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=94}}

In Italy, Carloman had ''[[French denier|denarii]]'' (pennies) minted at Milan and Pavia. Those minted at Milan generally bore the inscription <small>CARLOMAN REX</small>, while those of Pavia bore <small>HCARLEMANNVS RE</small>. All had a stylised temple on one side. Carloman did not issue coinage in Bavaria.{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|pp=227 and 253}}