Editing Carl Jung (section)

====University studies and early career====
[[File:11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[University of Basel]], where Jung studied between 1895 and 1900]]
Initially, Jung had aspirations of becoming a Christian minister. His household had a strong moral sense, and several of his family were clergy. Jung had wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than the University of Basel, which did not teach it. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung decided against the path of religious traditionalism and decided to pursue psychiatry and medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung|title=Carl Jung {{!}} Biography, Theory, & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> His interest was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for.<ref name="jungbio1">{{Cite web|url=http://soultherapynow.com/articles/carl-jung.html|title=Carl Jung Biography|website=soultherapynow.com|access-date=7 March 2009|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120004057/http://soultherapynow.com/articles/carl-jung.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of Basel. Barely a year later, his father, Paul, died and left the family nearly destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies.<ref>Wehr, G. p. 57.</ref> During his student days, he entertained his contemporaries with the family legend that his paternal grandfather was the illegitimate son of [[Goethe]] and his German great-grandmother, [[Sophie Ziegler]]. In later life, he pulled back from this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Gerhard|title=Jung: A Biography|year=1987|publisher=Shambhala|location=Boston/Shaftesbury, Dorset|isbn=978-0-87773-455-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14}}</ref>

It was during this early period when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Basel University, that he took an interest in palaeoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of ''Homo erectus'' and Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to his fascination with the evolutionary past of humanity and his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, is still evident in the psychology of modern humans.<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781032624549-3/fossils-anthropology-hominin-brain-phylogeny-gary-clark?context=ubx&refId=d9df2e63-7963-4b7f-a154-5382d0b1e05f Clark. G. 2024. "Fossils, Anthropology and Hominin Brain Phylogeny". Chapter 2, pp. 38-40. In ''Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology'', Routledge], Routledge,</ref>

In 1900, Jung moved to Zurich and began working at the [[Burghölzli]] psychiatric hospital under [[Eugen Bleuler]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|pp=234, 259}} Bleuler was already in communication with the Austrian neurologist [[Sigmund Freud]]. Jung's [[dissertation]], published in 1903, was titled ''On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena''. It was based on the analysis of the supposed [[mediumship]] of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's contemporary [[Théodore Flournoy]].<ref>Stevens, Anthony (1994): ''Jung: A very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford & N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285458-2}}</ref> Jung studied with [[Pierre Janet]] in Paris in 1902<ref>Gay, p. 198</ref> and later equated his view of the [[Complex (psychology)|complex]] with Janet's {{Lang|fr|idée fixe subconsciente}}.<ref>Ellenberger, p. 149.</ref> In 1905, Jung was appointed as a permanent 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became a lecturer ''[[Privatdozent]]'' in the medical faculty of Zurich University.<ref>Wehr, pp. 79–85.</ref> In 1904, he published with [[Franz Riklin]] their ''Diagnostic Association Studies'', of which Freud obtained a copy.<ref>Jung, Carl Gustav and Riklin, Franz Beda: Diagnoistische Assoziationsstudien. I. Beitrag. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Assoziationen Gesunder (pp.55–83). 1904, Journ. Psych. Neurol., 3/1-2. – Hrsg. v. August Forel & Oskar Vogt. Red. v. Karl Brodmann. – Leipzig, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1904, gr.-8°, pp.55–96. (in German)</ref><ref name=diagnostic>{{cite book|editor=McGuire, William|title=The Freud/Jung Letters|year=1979|publisher=Picador|pages=12–13|isbn=978-0-330-25891-3}}</ref> In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital and began a private practice in his home in [[Küsnacht]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=259}}

Eventually, a close friendship and strong professional association developed between the elder [[#Relationship with Freud|Freud and Jung]], which left a sizeable [[Freud-Jung Letters|correspondence]]. In late summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at the twentieth-anniversary celebration of the founding of [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], the Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and received an honorary degree.<ref>Rosenzweig, Saul. The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung and Hall the King-Maker. N.p., DIANE Publishing Company, 2000.</ref>

It was during this trip that Jung first began separating psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. It was during this visit that Jung was introduced to the elder philosopher and psychologist [[William James]], known as the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koelsch |first=William |date=1984-01-01 |title=Incredible day-dream: Freud and Jung at Clark, 1909 |url=https://commons.clarku.edu/clarkuhistory/2 |journal=Clark University History}}</ref> Jung connected with James around their mutual interests in [[mysticism]], [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]] and [[Psychical investigator|psychical]] [[Phenomenon|phenomena]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrmann |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bZpzgEACAAJ |title=William James and C.G. Jung: Doorways to the Self |date=August 2021 |publisher=Analytical Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-7361945-9-1 |publication-date=2021 |language=en}}</ref> James wrote to a friend after the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed."<ref>Harris, MD, James C. Clark University Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry.'' 2010;67(3):218-219.</ref> James died about eleven months later.

The ideas of both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender, and spiritual experiences, were influential in the development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] on June 10, 1935, in [[Akron, Ohio]], a quarter of a century after James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published ''[[Psychology of the Unconscious]]'', which manifested the developing theoretical divergence between the two. Consequently, their personal and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other could not admit he could be wrong. After the culminating break in 1913, Jung went through a difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War. [[Henri Ellenberger]] called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared it favorably to Freud's own period of what he called [[neurasthenia]] and [[hysteria]].<ref name="hayman2001">{{cite book|last=Hayman|first=Ronald|title=A Life of Jung|year=2001|edition=1st American|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|author-link=Ronald Hayman|isbn=978-0-393-01967-4|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym}}</ref>{{rp|173}}