Editing Cardinal (Catholic Church) (section)

==Title and reference style==

In 1630, [[Pope Urban VIII]] decreed their title to be ''[[His Eminence|Eminence]]'' (previously, it had been {{lang|la|illustrissimus}} and {{lang|la|reverendissimus}}){{efn|"They were formerly called {{lang|it|illustrissimi}} and {{lang|it|reverendissimi}}; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour." Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4, page 493.}} and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs.{{efn|"As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors{{nbsp}}[...] A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.}}{{efn|"Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630)." ''Oxford Dictionary of Popes'', Urban VIII}}

In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated ''Card.'') after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in [[Latin]], "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan,<ref>Noonan, ''The Church Visible'', p. 205.</ref> hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English.

Official sources, such as the [[Catholic News Service]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stylebook/stylebooksample.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051212193819/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stylebook/stylebooksample.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2005 |title=Catholic News Service |website=www.catholicnews.com}}</ref> say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=cardinal |url=http://religionstylebook.com/entries/cardinal |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=Religion Stylebook |language=en-US |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190002/https://religionstylebook.com/entries/cardinal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usfca.edu/uploadedFiles/Destinations/Offices_and_Services/Communications_and_Marketing/docs/USF_StyleGuide.pdf |title=University of San Francisco Editorial Style Guide: "On first reference capitalize these titles before the individual's name: Cardinal Timothy Manning, archbishop of Los Angeles" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204212305/http://www.usfca.edu/uploadedFiles/Destinations/Offices_and_Services/Communications_and_Marketing/docs/USF_StyleGuide.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://neilreisner.com/class_docs/ap_guide.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205002906/http://neilreisner.com/class_docs/ap_guide.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-05 |url-status=live |title=Associated Press Style Guide: "The preferred form for first reference is{{nbsp}}[...] Cardinal Daniel DiNardo"}}</ref><ref>"At first reference Cardinal John Doe. At subsequent references the cardinal or Doe" ([http://handbook.reuters.com/index.php?title=R&oldid=514#32.34 Reuters Handbook of Journalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175423/http://handbook.reuters.com/index.php?title=R&oldid=514#32.34 |date=15 July 2011 }}).</ref> This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and [[episcopal conference]]s.<ref>The websites of [https://www.vatican.va/phome_en.htm the Holy See] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429221033/http://www.vatican.va/phome_en.htm |date=29 April 2014 }} (except for signatures), and of the Episcopal Conferences in [http://www.usccb.org/ the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084451/http://www.usccb.org/ |date=12 July 2018 }}, [http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/ccb/catholic_church/the_church_in_england_and_wales/cardinal England and Wales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820211646/http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/ccb/catholic_church/the_church_in_england_and_wales/cardinal |date=20 August 2008 }}, [http://www.catholiccommunications.ie/Dioceses/armagh.html Ireland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724160215/http://www.catholiccommunications.ie/Dioceses/armagh.html |date=24 July 2008 }} and the [http://www.acbc.catholic.org.au/bishops/bcmembers.asp Australia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720145633/http://www.acbc.catholic.org.au/bishops/bcmembers.asp |date=20 July 2008 }} agree with the stylebooks. The [http://www.bpsconfscot.com/Members/tabid/426/Default.aspx Bishops' Conference of Scotland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511233725/http://www.bpsconfscot.com/Members/tabid/426/Default.aspx |date=11 May 2008 }} uses both styles side by side. On diocesan sites, the "John Cardinal Doe" style is found on, for example, those of [http://www.rcab.org/People/cardinalOMalley.html Boston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227125038/http://www.rcab.org/People/cardinalOMalley.html |date=27 February 2009 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/19961029034800/http://www.archdiocese-chgo.org/ Chicago], [http://www.dublindiocese.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=19&Itemid=30 Dublin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408091832/http://dublindiocese.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=19&Itemid=30 |date=8 April 2007 }}, [http://www.archny.org/about-us/edward-cardinal-egan/ New York] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703171151/http://archny.org/about-us/edward-cardinal-egan/ |date=3 July 2008 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708110901/http://www.archtoronto.org/about_us/cardinal_bishops.html Toronto], [http://www.adw.org/about/our_bishops.asp Washington] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401083114/http://www.adw.org/about/our_bishops.asp |date=1 April 2007 }}, [http://www.diogh.org/bishops_dinardo.htm Galveston-Houston] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124143721/http://diogh.org/bishops_dinardo.htm |date=24 November 2010 }}, [http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Meet+the+Bishops+12188/Adam+Cardinal+Maida+2244/Tribute.htm Detroit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223150158/http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Meet+the+Bishops+12188/Adam+Cardinal+Maida+2244/Tribute.htm |date=23 December 2010 }}, [http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30 Durban] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020531/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30 |date=19 February 2008 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071026102440/http://www.archdioceseofcolombo.com/2_1.php Colombo], [http://archbom.org/ Bombay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219064809/http://www.archbom.org/ |date=19 February 2011 }}, and the "Cardinal John Doe" on, for example, those of [http://www.armagharchdiocese.org/cardinal Armagh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526082242/http://www.armagharchdiocese.org/cardinal |date=26 May 2008 }},[http://www.archdiocese.la/archbishop/profile.html Los Angeles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029192113/http://www.archdiocese.la/archbishop/profile.html |date=29 October 2007 }}, [http://www.archdiocese-phl.org/rigali/biorigali.htm Philadelphia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517010920/http://www.archdiocese-phl.org/rigali/biorigali.htm |date=17 May 2008 }}, [http://www.archdiocese-edinburgh.org.uk/cardinal_about.htm St Andrews and Edinburgh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907161019/http://www.archdiocese-edinburgh.org.uk/cardinal_about.htm |date=7 September 2008 }}, [http://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/?sid=10 Wellington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014052559/http://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/?sid=10 |date=14 October 2008 }}, [http://www.rcdow.org.uk/cardinal/default.asp?library_ref=1&category_ref=8 Westminster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929094520/http://www.rcdow.org.uk/cardinal/default.asp?library_ref=1&category_ref=8 |date=29 September 2006 }}.</ref> Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use {{lang|la|Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis}} as their full title,<ref>cfr. "Klaus Ganzer, Kardinäle als Kirchenfürsten?" in ''Stimmen der Zeit'' 2011, issue 5, pp. 313–323.</ref> probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.<ref name="Paul VI. 1965"/>

The "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]" order is used in the [[Latin language|Latin]] [[Habemus Papam|proclamation]] of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon,{{efn|"{{lang|la|Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum}} [first name] {{lang|la|Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem}} [last name], ..."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm|title=Election – BENEDICT XVI|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906231957/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord [first name] Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [last name], ...")}} if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been the case since 1389.

The title ''Prince of the Church'' has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic Church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by [[Pope Francis]], who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romereports.com/en/2017/06/28/pope-to-new-cardinals-jesus-does-not-call-you-to-be-princes-of-the-church-but-to-serve/|title=Pope to new cardinals: Jesus does not call you to be "princes" of the Church, but to serve|date=28 June 2017|access-date=20 May 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502121007/https://www.romereports.com/en/2017/06/28/pope-to-new-cardinals-jesus-does-not-call-you-to-be-princes-of-the-church-but-to-serve/|url-status=live}}</ref> The title is still applied contemporarily, both officially and other times in criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-12/pope-francis-vatican-george-pell-dies/101846766#:~:text=Cardinal%20Pell%20died%20of%20heart%20complications%20during%20a,a%20Vatican%20journalist%20and%20author%20told%20the%20ABC |title='Felt himself to be a prince': Vatican comes to grips with the death of George Pell |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520221759/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-12/pope-francis-vatican-george-pell-dies/101846766#:~:text=Cardinal%20Pell%20died%20of%20heart%20complications%20during%20a,a%20Vatican%20journalist%20and%20author%20told%20the%20ABC |url-status=live |author-first1=Isabella|author-last1=Higgins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mup.com.au/books/prince-of-the-church-hardback |title=Prince of the Church, Philip Ayres |date=July 2007 |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510123615/https://www.mup.com.au/books/prince-of-the-church-hardback |url-status=live }}</ref>