Editing Cardiff (section)

===County town of Glamorganshire===
[[File:Cardiff-Castle.jpg|thumb|View of Caerdiffe Castle]]
[[File:Cardiff old town hall, Glamorganshire.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Cardiff Town Hall|Cardiff old town hall]] (1860)]]
In 1536, the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542]] led to the creation of Glamorganshire and Cardiff was made the [[county town]], it also became part of [[Kibbor]] [[hundred (county subdivision)|hundred]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cardiff-records/vol2/pp8-41#h2-0001 |website=british-history.co.uk |title=The manors of Cardiff district: Descriptions }}</ref> around the same time the Herberts became the most powerful family in the area.<ref name="Cardiffians"/> In 1538, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] closed Cardiff's [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] and [[Franciscan]] friaries, whose remains were used as building materials.<ref name="Tim Lambert-short history of Cardiff"/> A writer in this period noted: "The River Taff runs under the walls of his honours castle and from the north part of the town to the south part where there is a fair quay and a safe harbour for shipping."<ref name="Tim Lambert-short history of Cardiff"/>

Cardiff became a [[borough]] in 1542<ref name="Bob Sanders-period up to 1699"/> and further [[Royal Charter]]s were granted to it by Elizabeth I in 1600<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f10&pos=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153437/http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f10&pos=11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2018 |title=Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 12 – Exemplifications of Confirmation |access-date=23 March 2016 }}</ref> and James I in 1608.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f11&pos=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153332/http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f11&pos=12 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2018 |title=Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 13 – Charter of Liberties |access-date=23 March 2016 }}</ref> In 1573, it was made a head port for collection of customs duties.<ref name="Cardiffians"/> [[Pembrokeshire]] historian [[George Owen of Henllys|George Owen]] described Cardiff in 1602 as "the fayrest towne in Wales yett not the welthiest".<ref name="Cardiffians"/> It gained a second Royal Charter in 1608.<ref name="GoogoBits">{{Cite web |url=http://www.googobits.com/articles/2181-a-history-lovers-guide-to-cardiff.html |publisher=GoogoBits.com |title=A History Lovers Guide to Cardiff |access-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117091733/http://www.googobits.com/articles/2181-a-history-lovers-guide-to-cardiff.html |archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:John Speed's map of Cardiff 1610.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Speed]]'s map of Cardiff from 1610]]
A [[Bristol Channel floods, 1607|disastrous flood]] in the [[Bristol Channel]] on 30 January 1607 (now believed to have been a tidal wave)<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6311527.stm |title=Anniversary of 1607 killer wave |work=BBC News |date=30 January 2007 |access-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210031214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6311527.stm |archive-date=10 February 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> changed the course of the River Taff and ruined [[St Mary's Church, Cardiff|St Mary's Parish Church]], which was replaced by a chapel of ease dedicated to St John the Baptist.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QUIAAAAQAAJ&q=cardiff+1607&pg=PA31 |title=A History of the Town and Castle of Cardiff |last=Jenkins |first=William L. |publisher=Charles Wakeford |year=1854 |pages=31–33 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130541/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QUIAAAAQAAJ&q=cardiff+1607&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Second English Civil War]] [[St Fagans]], just to the west of the town, the [[Battle of St Fagans]], between [[Cavalier|Royalist]] rebels and a [[New Model Army]] detachment, was a decisive victory for the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] that allowed [[Oliver Cromwell]] to conquer Wales.<ref name="Bob Sanders-period up to 1699"/> It was the last major battle in Wales, with about 200, mostly Royalist soldiers killed.<ref name="Cardiffians"/>

Cardiff was at peace throughout the ensuing century. In 1766, [[John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute]] married into the Herbert family and was later created [[Baron Cardiff]].<ref name="Cardiffians"/> In 1778, he began renovating Cardiff Castle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coflein.gov.uk/media/18/219/cpg211.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127163625/https://coflein.gov.uk/media/18/219/cpg211.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2022 |url-status=live |title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park |page=2 |publisher=Coflein |access-date=27 November 2022 }}</ref> A [[racecourse]], [[printing press]], bank and [[coffee house]] opened in the 1790s and Cardiff gained a [[stagecoach]] service to London. Despite these improvements, Cardiff's position in the Welsh [[urban hierarchy]] declined over the 18th century. [[Iolo Morganwg]] called it "an obscure and inconsiderable place" and the [[Census Act 1800|1801 census]] found a population of only 1,870, making it only the 25th largest town in Wales, well behind [[Merthyr]] and [[Swansea]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Wales">{{Cite book |first1=John |last1=Davies |first2=Nigel |last2=Jenkins |first3=Menna |last3=Baines |first4=Peredur I. |last4=Lynch |title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |date=17 April 2008 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |editor-first=John |editor-last=Davies }}</ref>