Editing Canine distemper (section)

==Virology==
[[File:Phylogenetic tree of Paramixoviruses with CDV.tif|thumb|Canine distemper virus position in the phylogenetic tree of Paramyxoviruses|upright]]
Distemper is caused by a single-stranded [[RNA virus]] of the family ''[[Paramyxoviridae]]'', and is a very close relative of the viruses of the same genus that cause [[measles]] in humans and [[rinderpest]] in animals.<ref name="CreevyMerck">Kate E. Creevy, 2013, ''Overview of Canine Distemper'', in ''The Merck Veterinary Manual'' (online): "Veterinary Professionals: Generalized Conditions: Canine Distemper", see {{cite web |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html |title=Canine Distemper Overview – Generalized Conditions |access-date=2014-12-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223064911/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/canine_distemper/overview_of_canine_distemper.html |archive-date=2014-12-23 }}, accessed 15 December 2014.</ref><ref name=McCarthy2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarthy AJ, Shaw MA, Goodman SJ |title=Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=274 |issue=1629 |pages=3165–3174 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17956850 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0884 |pmc=2293938}}</ref>

===Genetic diversity===

Geographically distinct lineages of the canine distemper virus are genetically diverse.  This diversity arises from [[mutation]] and, when two genetically distinct viruses infect the same cell, from [[homologous recombination]].<ref>Yuan C, Liu W, Wang Y, Hou J, Zhang L, Wang G.  "Homologous recombination is a force in the evolution of canine distemper virus".  PLoS One. 2017 Apr 10;12(4):e0175416. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0175416}}. ECollection 2017. {{PMID|28394936}}</ref>

===Host range===
Distemper, or hardpad disease in canines,<ref name="RadostitsEtalMerck">Otto M. Radostits, David A. Ashford, Craig E. Greene, Ian Tizard, et al., 2011, ''Canine Distemper (Hardpad Disease)'', in The Merck Manual for Pet Health (online): Pet Owners: Dog Disorders and Diseases: Disorders Affecting Multiple Body Systems of Dogs, see {{cite web |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/pethealth/dog_disorders_and_diseases/disorders_affecting_multiple_body_systems_of_dogs/canine_distemper_hardpad_disease.html |title=Canine Distemper (Hardpad Disease) – Dog Owners |access-date=2014-12-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216005330/http://www.merckmanuals.com/pethealth/dog_disorders_and_diseases/disorders_affecting_multiple_body_systems_of_dogs/canine_distemper_hardpad_disease.html |archive-date=2014-12-16 }}, accessed 15 December 2014.</ref> affects animals in the following families and species:
* [[Ailuridae]] (red panda)
* [[Canidae]] (dog, fox, wolf, [[raccoon dog|Chinese raccoon dog]])
* [[Elephantidae]] ([[Asian elephant]])
* [[Felidae]] (large cats,<ref name=CreevyMerck/> though not [[cat|domestic cats]])
* [[Hyaenidae]] (hyena)
* [[Mustelidae]] (ferret, mink, skunk, wolverine, marten, badger, otter)<ref name=CreevyMerck/><ref name=RadostitsEtalMerck/>
* [[Pinnipedia]] (seals, walrus, sea lion, etc.)<ref>Kennedy, Seamus, et al. "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2640919/pdf/11076723.pdf Mass die-off of Caspian seals caused by canine distemper virus]." Emerging infectious diseases 6.6 (2000): 637.</ref><ref name=Jones1997/>
* [[Primate|Primate (some)]] (e.g., Japanese monkey, but not humans)<ref name=CreevyMerck/>
* [[Procyonidae]] (raccoon, coati)
* [[Ursidae]] (bear)
* [[Viverridae]] (raccoon-like South Asian binturong, palm civet)<ref name=CreevyMerck/>

Animals in the family Felidae, including many species of large cat as well as domestic cats, were long believed to be resistant to canine distemper until some researchers reported the prevalence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in large felids.<ref name=Ikeda2001>{{cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Nakamura |first2=Kazuya |last3=Miyazawa |first3=Takayuki |last4=Chen |first4=Ming-Chu |last5=Kuo |first5=Tzong-Fu |last6=Lin |first6=James A |last7=Mikami |first7=Takeshi |last8=Kai |first8=Chieko |last9=Takahashi |first9=Eiji |title=Seroprevalence of Canine Distemper Virus in Cats |journal=Clin Vaccine Immunol |date=May 2001 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=641–644 |doi=10.1128/CDLI.8.3.641-644.2001 |pmid=11329473 |pmc=96116 }}</ref> Both large and domestic cats are now known to be capable of infection, usually through close housing with dogs <ref name=Ikeda2001/><ref name=GreeneAppel2006>{{cite book|author1=Greene, Craig E |author2=Appel, Max J|editor1-last=Greene|editor1-first=Craig E|title=Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |location=St Louis, MO |isbn=978-1-4160-3600-5|edition=3rd|chapter=3. Canine distemper}}</ref> or possibly blood transfusion from infected cats,<ref name=Ikeda2001/> but such infections appear to be self-limiting and largely without symptoms.<ref name=GreeneAppel2006/>

In a captive population of [[giant pandas]] in China (Shanxi Rare Wild Animal Rescue and Research Center), six of 22 captive pandas were infected by CDV.  All but one infected panda died; the survivor had previously been vaccinated.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in China|first1=Na|last1=Feng|first2=Yicong|last2=Yu|first3=Tiecheng|last3=Wang|first4=Peter|last4=Wilker|first5=Jianzhong|last5=Wang|first6=Yuanguo|last6=Li|first7=Zhe|last7=Sun|first8=Yuwei|last8=Gao|first9=Xianzhu|last9=Xia|date=16 June 2016|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|pages=27518|doi=10.1038/srep27518|pmid=27310722|pmc=4910525|bibcode=2016NatSR...627518F}}</ref>